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RNA lies upstream of nearly all biology and functions as the central conduit of information exchange in all cells. RNA molecules encode information both in their primary sequences and in complex structures that form when an RNA folds back on itself. From the time of discovery of mRNA in the late 1950s until quite recently, we had only a rudimentary understanding of RNA structure across vast regions of most messenger and noncoding RNAs. Daclatasvir mw This deficit is now rapidly being addressed, especially by selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) chemistry, mutational profiling (MaP), and closely related platform technologies that, collectively, create chemical microscopes for RNA. These technologies make it possible to interrogate RNA structure, quantitatively, at nucleotide resolution, and at large scales, for entire mRNAs, noncoding RNAs, and viral RNA genomes. By applying comprehensive structure probing to diverse problems, we and others are showing that control of biological function mediaction interrelationships, new insights regarding biological regulatory mechanisms have emerged. RNA elements with more complex higher-order structures appear more likely to contain high-information-content clefts and pockets that bind small molecules, broadly informing a vigorous field of RNA-targeted drug discovery.The broad implications of this collective work are twofold. First, it is long past time to abandon depiction of large RNAs as simple noodle-like or gently flowing molecules. Instead, we need to emphasize that nearly all RNAs are punctuated with distinctive internal structures, a subset of which modulate function in profound ways. Second, structure probing should be an integral component of any effort that seeks to understand the functional nexuses and biological roles of large RNAs.The advent of 3D printing has led to a new era of highly customized products. Printing reprocessable thermoplastic polymers is limited to slow printing techniques such as fused deposition modeling. Photocuring 3D printing is a high-speed 3D printing technique suitable for photocurable thermosetting resins because the cross-linked 3D network could achieve rapid solid-liquid separation during printing. However, thermoplastics usually cannot be printed via photocuring 3D printers because rapid solid-liquid separation is hard to be achieved due to the diffusion/dissolution of linear molecular chains in their liquid precursor. Herein, we hypothesize that hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between monomers may accelerate polymerization and reduce solubility of the polymer in liquid precursors to achieve rapid solid-liquid separation. Using this strategy, a series of UV-curable methacrylic and acrylic monomers was selected as inks to demonstrate the role of H-bonds in photocuring 3D printing. The hypothesis was further verified by using blended inks of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NVP) and acrylic acid (AA) via experimental and molecular dynamic simulation. Oil palm occupies the top position of plantation species in southeastern Asian forests. Palm oil (PO) has the lowest price compared with other plant oils. Thus, a PO-based vinyl monomer was selected as the raw material for 3D printing thermoplastic polymers. Various biobased thermoplastics were successfully printed from the PO-based monomer and commercial monomers. The amide structure in the PO monomer formed H-bonds with polar monomers, including NVP and AA, resulting in printed 3D objects with surprising functionalities such as high stretchability and self-healing ability.Extraction barriers are usually undesired in organic semiconductor devices since they lead to reduced device performance. In this work, we intentionally introduce an extraction barrier for holes, leading to nonlinear photoresponse. The effect is utilized in near-infrared (NIR) organic photodetectors (OPDs) to perform distance measurements, as delineated in the focus-induced photoresponse technique (FIP). The extraction barrier is introduced by inserting an anodic interlayer with deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), compared to the donor material, into a well-performing OPD. With increasing irradiance, achieved by decreasing the illumination spot area on the OPD, a higher number of holes pile up at the anode, counteracting the built-in field and increasing charge-carrier recombination in the bulk. This intended nonlinear response of the photocurrent to the irradiance allows determining the distance between the OPD and the light source. We demonstrate fully vacuum-deposited organic NIR optical distance photodetectors with a detection area up to 256 mm2 and detection wavelengths at 850 and 1060 nm. Such NIR OPDs have a high potential for precise, robust, low-cost, and simple optical distance measurement setups.Here, CdS@C nanohybrid composites, where CdS quantum dots (QDs) are uniformly embedded in carbon micro-/nanobelt matrixes, are synthesized via a combustion synthesis followed by a postvulcanization. In the nanohybrids, trap centers are effectively created by the introduction of QDs and moreover their barrier height and filling level can be effectively modulated through a coupling of externally loaded strain and bias. Thus, a single CdS@C micro-/nanobelt-based two-terminal device can exhibit an ultrahigh real-time response to compressive and tensile strains with a tremendous gauge factor of above 104, high sensitivity, and fast response and recovery. More importantly, the trapped charges can be mechanically excited by stress, and furthermore, the stress-triggered high-resistance state can be well-maintained at room temperature and a relatively low operation bias. However, it can be back to its initial low resistance state by loading a relatively large bias, showing a superior erasable stress memory function with a window of about 103. By an effective construction of trap centers in hybrid composites, not only can an ultrahigh performance of volatile real-time stress sensor be obtained under the synergism of external stress and electric field but also can an outstanding erasable nonvolatile stress memory be successfully realized.