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Whilst the consequences of weight bias and weight bias internalisation (WBI) have been explored, less is known about the factors contributing to their development. Some research has explored the role of social exposure in weight bias and WBI but has been limited in its definition of exposure and focused solely on western countries. The present study therefore aimed to assess the role of social exposure defined in terms of both population and personal exposure in predicting weight bias and WBI, in an international sample.

Participants (N = 1041) from 33 countries, aged 18-85 years completed online measures of demographics, weight bias, WBI, and population and personal social exposure. Population exposure was defined using national obesity prevalence data from the World Health Organisation to classify countries as low (obesity rates ≤19.9%; n = 162), medium (20.0-29.9%; n = 672) or high prevalence (≥30%; n = 192). Personal exposure was defined in terms of personal contact and health and attractiveness normapopulation exposure in predicting both weight bias and WBI. Findings hold implications for improving the wellbeing and lived experiences of those living with overweight and obesity.3T3L1 mouse pre-adipocytes develop into adipocytes differently in response to GALNT2 overexpression or to stimulation with rosiglitazone, a reference inducer of adipogenesis. To investigate the biology of alternative pathways of adipogenesis, we studied lipid droplets (LD) morphology, chromatin organization, and gene expression in GALNT2- versus rosiglitazone-induced 3T3L1 adipogenesis. 3T3L1 overexpressing either GALNT2 (GALNT2) or GFP and treated with rosiglitazone (GFPR) were differentiated into adipocytes. LD and nuclei were profiled measuring their morphological features. The expression of adipogenesis-related genes was measured by RT-PCR. As compared to GFPR, GALNT2 showed smaller and more clustered LD, more nuclei with condensed chromatin and several gene expression changes (P  less then  0.001 for all). As compared to those stimulated by rosiglitazone, GALNT2 overexpressing cells show differences in the most established readouts of adipogenesis. Characterizing alternative pathways of adipogenesis may help tackle those diseases which are secondary to increased dysfunctional mass of adipose tissue.

Current guidelines for maternal weight gain in twin pregnancy were established in the absence of evidence on its longer-term consequences for maternal and child health. this website We evaluated the association between weight gain in twin pregnancies and the risk of excess maternal postpartum weight increase, childhood obesity, and child cognitive ability.

We used 5-year follow-up data from 1000 twins born to 450 mothers in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, a nationally representative U.S. cohort of births in 2001. Pregnancy weight gain was standardized into gestational age- and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI)-specific z-scores. Excess postpartum weight increase was defined as ≥10 kg increase from prepregnancy weight. We defined child overweight/obesity as BMI ≥ 85th percentile, and low reading and math achievement as scores one standard deviation below the mean. We used survey-weighted multivariable modified Poisson models with a log link to relate gestational weight gain z-score with each outcoweight increase and childhood overweight/obesity within the recommended ranges of gestational weight gain for twin pregnancies suggests that these guidelines could be inadvertently contributing to longer-term maternal and child obesity.High body mass index (BMI) is known to be associated with various conditions, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and sleep apnoea; however, the impact of intentional weight loss on the risk of these and other outcomes is not well quantified. We examined the effect of weight loss on ten selected outcomes in a population from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD database. Included individuals were >18 years old at the index date (first BMI value between January 2001 and December 2010). They were categorised by their weight pattern between year 1 post-index and year 4 post-index (baseline period) as having stable weight (-5% to +5%) or weight loss (-25% to -10%, plus evidence of intervention or dietary advice to confirm intention to lose weight). For inclusion, individuals also required a BMI of 25.0-50.0 kg/m2 at the start of the follow-up period, during which the occurrence of ten obesity-related outcomes was recorded. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for BMI, comorbidities, age, sex and smoking status were used to estimate relative risks for weight loss compared with stable weight. Individuals in the weight-loss cohort had median 13% weight loss. Assuming a BMI of 40 kg/m2 before weight loss, this resulted in risk reductions for T2D (41%), sleep apnoea (40%), hypertension (22%), dyslipidaemia (19%) and asthma (18%). Furthermore, weight loss was associated with additional benefits, with lower risk of T2D, chronic kidney disease, hypertension and dyslipidaemia compared with maintaining the corresponding stable lower BMI throughout the study. This study provides objective, real-world quantification of the effects of weight loss on selected outcomes, with the greatest benefits observed for the established CVD risk factors T2D, hypertension and dyslipidaemia.The ubiquitous and openly accessible information produced by the public on the Internet has sparked an increasing interest in developing digital public health surveillance (DPHS) systems. We conducted a systematic scoping review in accordance with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews to consolidate and characterize the existing research on DPHS and identify areas for further research. We used Natural Language Processing and content analysis to define the search strings and searched Global Health, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar from 2005 to January 2020 for peer-reviewed articles on DPHS, with extensive hand searching. Seven hundred fifty-five articles were included in this review. The studies were from 54 countries and utilized 26 digital platforms to study 208 sub-categories of 49 categories associated with 16 public health surveillance (PHS) themes. Most studies were conducted by researchers from the United States (56%, 426) and dominated by communicable diseases-related topics (25%, 187), followed by behavioural risk factors (17%, 131).