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Gentamicin-impregnated cement spacer can induce nephrotoxicity in patients presenting major renal impairment susceptibility.Proximal humeral fractures (PHF) are the third most common non-vertebral fragility fractures after hip and distal radius. It still controversial which treatment might be more appropriate, and surgically treated outcomes depends also on an appropriate technique. In order to clarify surgical indications, tips and pitfall a narrative review was conducted. Pinning, external fixation, plating and internal fixators has each one its advantages and disadvantages. Enarodustat price During the procedure an appropriate use of the fixation device and handling of the soft tissue might be associated with better outcomes. Calcar comminution, varus angulation, medial dislocation of the shaft, fracture-dislocation are factors that could lead to choose a replacement. Hemiarthroplasty and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty are the most common prosthesis used in PHF. The restoration of humeral length and tuberosities might lead to an improvement in clinical outcomes and prosthesis survivorship.Shoulder metallosis with giant cell tumor formation is rarely seen in shoulder surgery. With an increase in shoulder arthroplasty and complex revision shoulder surgeries, clinicians should have an index of suspicion for possible metallosis in patients that presents with unexplained persistent pain with metal components on both the glenoid and humeral side. This case describes a 43-yearold female with a history of six prior shoulder surgeries who presented with shoulder metallosis and giant cell tumor formation after a screw from her open Latarjet procedure began rubbing against her Hemicap implant. She successfully underwent a revision total shoulder arthroplasty for post traumatic arthritis with pectoralis major transfer for her chronic subscapularis rupture and had complete symptom resolution.Management of intra-articular heel fractures is controversial. The main goals of surgical treatment are restoring subtalar articular congruence and width, height, form and alignment of the heel. The gold standard is considered Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF), a complex technique with a high rate of complications. External Fixation (EF) could be a good alternative. In this study were identified 37 fractures in 35 patients (24 patients underwent ORIF and EF was performed in 13 cases) and the outcomes of the two techniques were compared. The mean surgical time for ORIF was 107.8 minutes, while for EF was 88.61 minutes and the ORIF group presented a higher rate of complications, despite of similar results in the mean postoperative AOFAS Ankle and Hindfoot Scale scores (73.31/100 points in the ORIF group and 75.40/100 points in the EF group). Fast learning curve, short surgery time and low complications rate make EF an alternative to ORIF in treating intraarticular heel fractures.Due to the complex and dynamic nature of osteoarthritis (OA) and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), animal models have been used to investigate the progression and pathogenesis of the disease. Researchers have used different experimental models to study OA and PTOA. With an emphasis on the knee joint, this review will compare and contrast the existing body of knowledge from anterior cruciate ligament transection models, meniscectomy models, combination models, as well as impact models in large animals to see how tissues respond to these different approaches to induce experimental OA and PTOA. The tissues discussed will include articular cartilage and the meniscus, with a focus on morphological, mechanical and histological assessments. The goal of this review is to demonstrate the progressive nature of OA by indicating the strong correlation between progressive tissue degeneration, change of mechanical properties, and loss of biochemical integrity and to highlight key differences between the most commonly used experimental animal models.Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a catastrophic complication of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) adding significant costs to the health care system with increasing morbidity and mortality. The goal of this study was to develop a prognostic scoring system that could risk-stratify patients undergoing TKA for the risk of PJI. The study included 150 patients who underwent primary TKA from June 2012 to February2016. There were 60 patients in group I who were not risk stratified using the scoring system, while 90 patients were assigned to group II and were prospectively assigned scores based on the scoring system. Points were assigned for each pre-op variable and a scoring chart was developed. Group II patients scoring 4 or more were counseled to optimize their modifiable risk factors before proceeding with surgery. Retrospective chart review was done for patients in group I to find out their risk score for the study purpose. Nine out of 60 patients in group I were found to have score above 4 based on the chart review, of which 4 patients got infected (P less then 0.05). None of the group II patients got infected after TKA. In conclusion, our scoring system is an objective scoring system for preoperative risk stratification of patients undergoing TKA, thus helping identification and optimization of the risk factors preoperatively to decrease the risk of PJI.Bone marrow (BM) is the major target organ for neuroblastoma (NB) metastasis and its involvement is associated with poor outcome. Yet, the mechanism by which NB cells invade BM is largely unknown. Tumour microenvironment represents a key element in tumour progression and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been recognized as a fundamental part of the associated tumour stroma. Here, we show that BM-MSCs isolated from NB patients with BM involvement exhibit a greater osteogenic potential than MSCs from non-infiltrated BM. We show that BM metastasis-derived NB-cell lines secrete higher levels of exosomal miR-375, which promotes osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. Of note, clinical data demonstrate that high level of miR-375 correlates with BM metastasis in NB patients. Our findings suggest, indeed, a potential role for exosomal miR-375 in determining a favourable microenvironment in BM to promote metastatic progression. MiR-375 may, thus, represent a novel biomarker and a potential target for NB patients with BM involvement.