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Health-care workers are an important vaccination target group, they are more frequently exposed to infectious diseases and can contribute to nosocomial infections. We established a country-wide online monitoring system to estimate influenza vaccine uptake and its determinants among German hospital staff (OKaPII). The online questionnaire included items on vaccination behavior and reasons for and against influenza vaccination. After a pilot phase in 2016, a country-wide roll-out was performed in 2017. Questions on measles (2018) and hepatitis B (2019) vaccination status were added in subsequent years. In 2017, 2018 and 2019 in total 52, 125 and 171 hospitals with 5 808, 17 891 and 27 163 employees participated, respectively. Influenza vaccination coverage in season 2016/17 and 2017/18 was similar (39.5% and 39.3%) while it increased by 12% in 2018/19 (52.3%). Uptake was higher for physicians than for nurses. Self-protection was the most common reason for influenza vaccination. While physicians mainly identified constraints as reasons for being unvaccinated, nurses mainly referred to a lack of vaccine confidence. Selleckchem Tiragolumab Of the hospital staff, 87.0% were vaccinated against measles, 6.3% claimed to be protected due to natural infection; 97.7% were vaccinated against hepatitis B. OKaPII shows that influenza vaccination coverage among German hospital staff is low. Occupational group-specific differences should be considered physicians might benefit from easier access; information campaigns might increase nurses’ vaccine confidence. OKaPII serves as a platform to monitor the uptake of influenza and other vaccines; it also contributes to a better understanding of vaccination behavior and planning of targeted interventions.This article critically examines the translations of two terms – mineral and mineralogy – in modern China. The last decades of the Qing dynasty (1860s-1910s) witnessed a transition in the terminological usage of the Chinese equivalents of mineral and mineralogy from jinshi (metals and rocks) and jinshi xue (a study of metals and rocks) to kuangwu and kuangwu xue. A scrutiny of this transition raises questions regarding not only the exchanges in scientific knowledge between China, the West, and Japan since the nineteenth century, but the changes in the understanding of natural things in China. This article locates the translation of the terms within the scope of cultural translation and the history of science. It sheds new light both on the confrontations between languages and knowledge systems, which led to the re-conceptualization of natural things in China and Japan, and on the interplay between various domestic and transnational forces that shaped the intellectual landscapes in China. Through the confrontations and interplay, mineralogy eventually projected minerals into the domain of science and modern science claimed the authority over understanding these natural things.Background and Aims The drug resistance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) originates from mutations within HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) region during the prolonged antiviral therapy. So far, the characteristics of how these mutations distribute and evolve in the process of therapy have not been clarified yet. Thus we aimed to investigate these characteristics and discuss their contributing factors. Methods HBV RT region was direct-sequenced in 285 treatment-naive and 214 post-treatment patients. Mutational frequency and Shannon entropy were calculated to identify the specific mutations differing between genotypes or treatment status. A typical putative resistance mutation rtL229V was further studied using in-vitro susceptibility assays and molecular modeling. Results The classical resistance mutations were rarely detected among treatment-naive individuals, while the putative resistance mutations were observed at 8 AA sites. rtV191I and rtA181T/V were the only resistance mutations identified as genotype-specific mutation. Selective pressure of drug usage not only contributed to the classical resistance mutations, but also induced the changes at a putative resistance mutation site rt229. rtL229V was the major substitution at the site of rt229. It contributed to the most potent suppression of viral replication and reduced the in-vitro drug susceptibility to entecavir (ETV) when coexisting with rtM204V, consistent with the hypothesis based on the molecular modeling and clinical data analysis. Conclusions The analysis of mutations in RT region under the different circumstances of genotypes and therapy status might pave the way for a better understanding of resistance evolution, thus providing the basis for a rational administration of antiviral therapy.Recently, increasing studies suggested that lncRNA SNHG12 was aberrantly expressed in kinds of cancers. However, definite prognostic value of SNHG12 remains unclear. We conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the association between SNHG12 expression level and cancer prognosis. A literature retrieval was conducted by searching kinds of databases. The meta-analysis was performed by using Revman 5.2 and Stata 12.0 software. Besides, The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset was analyzed to validate the results in our meta-analysis via using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis. The pooled results showed that high SNHG12 expression significantly indicated worse overall survival and recurrence-free survival. Tumor type, sample size, survival analysis method, and cutoff value did not alter SNHG12 prognosis value according to stratified analysis results. Additionally, higher expression of SNHG12 suggested unfavorable clinicopathological outcomes including larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasiell carcinoma; LIHC hepatocellular carcinoma; LNM lymph node metastasis; mTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase 9; MCL1 myeloid cell leukemia 1; MLK3 mixed-lineage protein kinase 3; N/A not available; NOS Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; OR odd ratio; OS overall survival; PSA prostate-specific antigen; PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase; qRT-PCR quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; READ rectum adenocarcinoma; RFS recurrence-free survival; SARC sarcoma; SNHG12 small nucleolar RNA host gene 12; STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; SOX4 SRY-box transcription factor 4; SOX5 SRY-box transcription factor 5; STAD stomach adenocarcinoma; TCGA The Cancer Genome Atlas; TNM tumor node metastasis; WWP1 WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; WHO grade World Health Organization grade; ZEB2 zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2.