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Preoperative abnormal hyper-connectivity was normalized to the control level after surgery. The postoperative hyperconnectivity was associated with long-term neurodevelopmental improvement.

PLI quantifies neurodevelopmental improvements after posterior quadrantectomy.

PLI quantifies neurodevelopmental improvements after posterior quadrantectomy.

To investigate the impact of stimulus duration on motor unit (MU) thresholds and alternation within compound muscle action potential (CMAP) scans.

The stimulus duration (0.1, 0.2, 0.6, and 1.0ms) in thenar CMAP scans and individual MUs of 14 healthy subjects was systematically varied. We quantified variability of individual MU’s thresholds by relative spread (RS), MU thresholds by stimulus currents required to elicit target CMAPs of 5% (S5), 50% (S50) and 95% (S95) of the maximum CMAP, and relative range (RR) by 100*[S95-S5]/S50. We further assessed the strength-duration time constant (SDTC). Experimental observations were subsequently simulated to quantify alternation.

RS, unaffected by stimulus duration, was 1.65% averaged over all recordings. RR increased for longer stimulus duration (11.4% per ms, p<0.001). SDTC shortened with higher target CMAPs (0.007ms per 10% CMAP, p<0.001). Experiments and simulations supported that this may underlie the increased RR. A short compared to long stimulus duration recruited relative more MUs at S50 (more alternation) than at the tails (less alternation).

The stimulus duration significantly affects MU threshold distribution and alternation within CMAP scans.

Stimulation settings can be further optimized and their standardization is preferred when using CMAP scans for monitoring neuromuscular diseases.

Stimulation settings can be further optimized and their standardization is preferred when using CMAP scans for monitoring neuromuscular diseases.

Previous studies have demonstrated voluntary movement alterations as well as motor cortex excitability and plasticity changes in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). To investigate the pathophysiology of movement abnormalities in MCI, we tested possible relationships between movement abnormalities and primary motor cortex alterations in patients.

Fourteen amnestic MCI (aMCI) patients and 16 healthy controls were studied. Cognitive assessment was performed using clinical scales. Finger tapping was recorded by a motion analysis system. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to test the input/output curve of motor evoked potentials, intracortical inhibition, and short-latency afferent inhibition. Primary motor cortex plasticity was probed by theta burst stimulation. We investigated correlations between movement abnormalities, clinical scores, and cortical neurophysiological parameters.

MCI patients showed less rhythmic movement but no other movement abnormalities. Cortical excitability measures were normal in patients, whereas plasticity was reduced. Movement rhythm abnormalities correlated with frontal dysfunction scores.

Our study in MCI patients demonstrated abnormal voluntary movement and plasticity changes, with no correlation between the two. Altered rhythm correlated with frontal dysfunction.

Our results contribute to the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of motor impairment in MCI.

Our results contribute to the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of motor impairment in MCI.

Recent research has uncovered the potential for excess manganese (Mn) intakes causing significant neurotoxic effects for early brain development.

We identified the Mn tolerable intakes (TI) published by the U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM), World Health Organization (WHO), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES), and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and examined the primary studies on which regulatory TIs are based. We converted the TIs to μg of Mn/kg/day using standard assumptions specific to each agency. We estimated μg of Mn/kg/day intakes due to formulas. Using our estimates for formula intakes, weights, and kcal content, we converted regulatory maxima and minima from μg of Mn/100 kcals to estimates of μg of Mn/kg/day.

Except for the proposed ANSES TI for drinking water, none of the primary studies on which Mn intake guidelines and regulations are based measured health outcomes. Some infant formulas may exceed the regulatory TIs, especially if prepared with water containing considerable concentrations of Mn (e.g. 250 μg/L), even while meeting national and international regulatory standards or guidelines.

Infant formula regulations must be revised to reduce the potential for excess manganese intakes and the practice of manganese supplementation of infant formulas should be ceased.

Infant formula regulations must be revised to reduce the potential for excess manganese intakes and the practice of manganese supplementation of infant formulas should be ceased.In this study, five fats (hydrogenated palm kernel oil, HPKO-A and HPKO-B; refined vegetable oils, RVO-A and RVO-B; transesterification oil, TO) were used to prepare whipping creams. HPKO-A and RVO-A which rich in lauric and myristic acids facilitated the formation of small crystals and dense crystal network, while higher stearic acid content of HPKO-B formed large spherical crystals. The richness in palmitic acid (RVO-B and TO) and oleic acid (TO) led to the formation of weak crystal network. Higher partial coalescence was correlated to higher collision frequency of fat globules and crystal connection, therefore, the overruns, firmness and stability of creams prepared by HPKO-A and RVO-A were higher than those of HPKO-B and RVO-B. The least stability of cream prepared by TO was related to the weak crystal networks. In summary, higher lauric and myristic acids content resulted in dense crystal networks, promoting partial coalescence and improving the cream quality.Nipah virus (NiV) infections are highly contagious and can cause severe febrile encephalitis. An outbreak of NiV infection has reported high mortality rates in Southeast Asian countries including Bangladesh, East Timor, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Madagascar, Philippines, Thailand and India. Considering the high risk for an epidemic outbreak, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared NiV as an emerging priority pathogen. CP-690550 chemical structure However, there are no effective therapeutics or any FDA approved drugs available for the treatment of this infection. Among the known nine proteins of NiV, glycoprotein plays an important role in initiating the entry of viruses and attaching to the host cell receptors. Herein, three antiviral databases consisting of 79,892 chemical entities have been computationally screened against NiV glycoprotein (NiV-G). Particularly, multi-step molecular docking followed by extensive molecular binding interactions analyses, binding free energy estimation, in silico pharmacokinetics, synthetic accessibility and toxicity profile evaluations have been carried out for initial identification of potential NiV-G inhibitors.