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OBJECTIVE We assessed if non-breath-hold (NBH) fast scanning protocol can provide respiratory motion-free images for interpretation of chest computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS In our 2-phase project, we first collected baseline data on frequency of respiratory motion artifacts on breath-hold chest CT in 826 adult patients. The second phase included 62 patients (mean age 66 ± 15 years; 21 females, 41 males) who underwent an NBH chest CT on either single-source (n = 32) or dual-source (n = 30) multidetector-row CT scanners. Clinical indications for chest CT, reason for using NBH CT, scanner type, scan duration, and radiation dose (CT dose index volume, dose length product) were recorded. Two thoracic radiologists (R1 and R2) independently graded respiratory motion artifacts (1 = no respiratory motion artifacts with unrestricted evaluation; 2 = minor motion artifacts limited to one lung lobe or less with good diagnostic quality; 3 = moderate motion artifacts limited to 2 to 3 lung lobes but adequate for clinical diagnosis; 4 = poor evaluability or unevaluable from severe motion artifacts; and 5 = limited quality due to other causes like high noise, beam hardening, or metallic artifacts), and recorded pulmonary and mediastinal findings. Descriptive analyses, Cohen κ test for interobserver agreement, and Student t test were performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS No NBH chest CT were deemed uninterpretable by either radiologist; most NBH CT (R1-59 of 62, 95%; R2-62 of 62, 100%) had no or minimal motion artifacts. Only 3 of 62 (R1) NBH chest CT had motion artifacts limiting diagnostic evaluation for lungs but not in the mediastinum. CONCLUSION Non-breath-hold fast protocol enables acquisition of diagnostic quality chest CT free of respiratory motion artifacts in patients who cannot hold their breath.During the process of human islet isolation a cascade of stressful events are triggered and negatively influence islet yield, viability, and function, including the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of apoptosis. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule 2 (CORM-2) is a donor of carbon monoxide (CO) and can release CO spontaneously. Accumulating studies suggest that CORM-2 exerts cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of CORM-2 on islet isolation is still unclear. In this study, we found that CORM-2 pretreatment significantly decreased the expression of critical inflammatory genes, including tissue factor, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, C-X-C motif chemokine 10, Toll-like receptor 4, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The isolated islets of the CORM-2 pretreatment group showed reduced apoptotic rate, improved viability, and higher glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and functional gene expression in comparison to control group. Importantly, CORM-2 pretreatment prevented the impairment caused by TNF-α, evidenced by the improved glucose-stimulated index and transplantation outcomes. The present study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory property of CORM-2 during human islet isolation, and we suggest that CORM-2 pretreatment is an appealing treatment to mitigate inflammation-mediated islet dysfunction during isolation and culture ex vivo and to preserve long-term islet survival and function.In sentence comprehension, negative sentences tend to elicit more processing cost than affirmative sentences. A growing body of work has shown that pragmatic context is an important factor that contributes to negation comprehension cost. The nature of this pragmatic effect, however, is yet to be determined. In 4 behavioral experiments, the current study assesses 2 possible pragmatic accounts the expectation-based and the informativity-based accounts. Our findings suggest that informativity, instead of contextual expectation, is more directly responsible for negation comprehension. Contextual expectation only modulates negation comprehension cost if it facilitates the appropriate type of question under discussion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Failure to learn and generalize abstract relational rules has critical implications for education. In this study, we aimed to determine which training conditions facilitate relational transfer in a relatively simple (patterning) discrimination versus a relatively complex (biconditional) discrimination. The amount of training participants received had little influence on rates of relational transfer. Instead, trial-sequencing of the training contingencies influenced relational transfer in different ways depending on the complexity of the discrimination. BIBF 1120 molecular weight Clustering instances of relational rules together during training improved transfer of both simpler patterning and more difficult biconditional rules, regardless of individual differences in cognitive reflection. However, blocking all trials of the same type together improved rule transfer only for biconditional discriminations. Individual differences in cognitive reflection were also more predictive of relational rule use under suboptimal training conditions. The results highlight the need for comprehensive accounts of relational learning to consider how learning conditions and individual differences affect the likelihood of engaging in learning relational structures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).We document a tendency to demean others’ needs believing that psychological needs-those requiring mental capacity, and hence more uniquely human (e.g., need for meaning and autonomy)-are relatively less important to others compared with physical needs-those shared with other biological agents, and hence more animalistic (e.g., need for food and sleep). Because valuing psychological needs requires a sophisticated humanlike mind, agents presumed to have relatively weaker mental capacities should also be presumed to value psychological needs less compared with biological needs. Supporting this, our studies found that people demeaned the needs of nonhuman animals (e.g., chimpanzees) and historically dehumanized groups (e.g., drug addicts) more than the needs of close friends or oneself (Studies 1 and 3). Because mental capacities are more readily recognized through introspection than by external observation, people also demean peers’ needs more than their own, inferring that one’s own behavior is guided more strongly by psychological needs than identical behavior in others (Study 4).