Activity

n expression of the a7nAchR, p-Erk, and Foxp3 in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats (p less then 0.05). These results indicated that α7nAChR activation could exert an anti-inflammatory effect and participate in the process of modulating the immune balance during 6-OHDA-induced injury, potentially through the α7nAChR/p-Erk/Foxp3 signaling pathway.Individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are more likely to develop into Alzheimer disease (AD) in the future. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies have shown alterations of intrinsic brain activity (IBA) in SCD individuals. However, rs-fMRI studies to date have mainly focused on static characteristics of IBA, with few studies reporting dynamics- and concordance-related changes in IBA indices in SCD individuals. selleck chemical To investigate these aberrant changes, a temporal dynamic analysis of rs-fMRI data was conducted on 94 SCD individuals (71.07 ± 6.18 years, 60 female), 75 (74.36 ± 8.42 years, 35 female) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and 82 age-, gender-, and education-matched controls (NCs; 73.88 ± 7.40 years, 49 female) from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database. The dynamics and concordance of the rs-fMRI indices were calculated. The results showed that SCD individuals had a lower amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations dynamics in bilateral hippocampus (HP)/parahippocampal gyrus (PHG)/fusiform gyrus (FG) and bilateral cerebellum, a lower fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation dynamics in bilateral precuneus (PreCu) and paracentral lobule, and a lower regional homogeneity dynamics in bilateral cerebellum, vermis, and left FG compared with the other two groups, whereas those in MCI patients were higher (Gaussian random field-corrected, voxel-level P less then 0.001, cluster-level P less then 0.05). Furthermore, SCD individuals had higher concordance in bilateral HP/PHG/FG, temporal lobe, and left midcingulate cortex than NCs, but those in MCI were lower than those in NCs. No correlation between concordance values and neuropsychological scale scores was found. SCD individuals showed both dynamics and concordance-related alterations in IBA, which indicates a compensatory mechanism in SCD individuals. Temporal dynamics analysis offers a novel approach to capturing brain alterations in individuals with SCD.Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is an idiopathic granulomatous inflammatory condition that usually affects children. Intraocular involvement, especially bilateral, is rare in JXG. Most patients with ocular lesions are typically infants and usually present with hyphema, iridocyclitis, and secondary glaucoma. We report a case of a 3-month-old baby girl who presented to our emergency department with bilateral hyphema that started 3 weeks ago. She was medically free with no history of any recent trauma or preceding febrile illness. General physical examination showed a quiet baby with multiple hyperpigmented macules over the inner thigh and right upper arm, with one pinkish nodule over the occiput. She also had high intraocular pressures. A detailed ophthalmic assessment was done under general anesthesia. The nodular lesion was excised and sent for histopathological evaluation, which confirmed the diagnosis of JXG. Treatment of JXG cases present a challenge to ophthalmologist due to rebleeding and refractory glaucoma. Our case was admitted multiple times for rebleeding and refractory glaucoma and was treated with full antiglaucoma drops, steroid drops and peribulbar injection of steroid.The purpose was to report a case of immediate choroidal expansion after a needling procedure. This is a retrospective case report of an 80-year-old male with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma who underwent Xen 45 Gel stent implantation and then trabeculectomy in the right eye. During follow-up, several bleb needling procedures were required to treat bleb fibrosis. Before and after the last bleb needling, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed to investigate choroidal changes. SD-OCT was also repeated 1 week later. SD-OCT showed instant choroidal expansion (both in the macular and peripapillary area) that was quite sustained throughout the 1 week-follow-up and after 5 months. Bleb needling can cause immediate choroidal expansion that can be quite sustained throughout several months of follow-up. SD-OCT is essential for detecting choroidal changes.Cerebral manifestations in Japanese B encephalitis are well known. However, there are very few studies focusing on extra-cerebral manifestations, among which focal anterior horn cell involvement is exceedingly rare. We herein report a case of Japanese B encephalitis with focal anterior horn cell involvement and unfurl how stepwise clinical approach and targeted investigations helped to solve the diagnostic conundrum. A 27-year-old female was admitted with fever, headache, altered sensorium, and convulsions. She tested positive for Japanese B encephalitis-IgM. Following conservative management, she regained consciousness after 5 days when neurological examination revealed marked cognitive impairment, medial convergence of eyeballs, upward gaze restriction, upper limbs dystonia with brisk tendon jerks, and flaccid paraparesis. A repeat neurological examination, on day 15 of admission, showed marked wasting and intermittent fasciculation in both lower limbs. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed asymmetrical (right > left) bilateral thalamic and midbrain lesions, hyperintense on T2 and T2-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)-weighted imaging with mild diffusion restriction on diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient map, suggestive of encephalitis. Nerve conduction study revealed decreased compound muscle action potentials exclusively in lower limbs with intact sensory nerve action potentials. Electromyogram showed chronic denervation potentials and presence of spontaneous activity in lower limbs, but not in upper limbs, indicative of focal anterior horn cell involvement. Prognosis of Japanese B encephalitis does not only depend on cerebral sequelae. Anterior horn cell involvement can dictate poor outcome and can easily be missed if not carefully dealt with.