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Purpose Knowledge of the distribution of intramuscular nerves of the extraocular muscles is crucial for understanding their function. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the intramuscular distribution of the oculomotor nerve within the inferior rectus muscle (IRM) using Sihler’s staining. Method Ninety-three IRM from 50 formalin-embalmed cadavers were investigated. The IRM including its branches of the oculomotor nerve was finely dissected from its origin to the point where it inserted into the sclera. The intramuscular nerve course was investigated after performing Sihler’s whole-mount nerve staining technique that stains the nerves while rendering other soft tissues either translucent or transparent. Results The oculomotor nerve enters the IRM around the distal one-fourth of the muscle and then divides into multiple smaller branches. The intramuscular nerve course finishes around the distal three-fifth of the IRM in gross observations. The types of branching patterns of the IRM could be divided into two subcategories based on whether or not topographic segregation was present (1) no significant compartmental segregation (55.9% of cases) and (2) a several-zone pattern with possible segregation (44.1% of cases). Possible compartmentalization was less clear for the IRM, which contained overlapping mixed branches between different trunks. Conclusion Sihler’s staining is a useful technique for visualizing the gross nerve distribution of the IRM. The new information about the nerve distribution and morphological features provided by this study will improve the understanding of the biomechanics of the IRM, and could be useful for strabismus surgery.Introduction The oral route is one of the most attractive modalities of drug delivery, providing easy administration and great patient compliance. However, enzymatic degradation and physiological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract are still unsolved obstacles for many drugs. The physico-chemical characteristics of biopharmaceuticals and the resulting low stability and poor penetration capacity across biological barriers represent current challenges that need to be overcome in oral delivery. The use of polyaminoacids and polypeptides, including cell-penetrating peptides as delivery carriers is an attractive strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of therapeutics. These biopolymers are positioned as potential biomaterials due to their low toxicity and their capacity to enhance the stability of biomolecules while increasing their transport through biological barriers. Areas covered In this review, we present an update of the current approaches and strategies carried out in the design of nanosystems and penetration-enhancing oral delivery strategies based on polyaminoacids. Expert opinion Polyaminoacids and polypeptides are functional and versatile biomaterials which have received significant attention for the design of oral drug delivery platforms. Even though only a few prototypes have yet entered clinical trials, a number of promising strategies can be found in advanced preclinical investigation for the delivery of biopharmaceuticals.Purpose To propose the novel Hua-Shan rehabilitation program for patients undergoing the contralateral seventh cervical nerve transfer, and explore the influence of different rehabilitation on the postoperative recovery.Materials and methods The Hua-Shan program was established in consideration of the three elements the nerve regeneration, brain plasticity and group therapy. Its effect was evaluated by comparing the postoperative recovery of the hemorrhagic stroke survivors among the following three groups Group A-standard Hua-Shan program after surgery; Group B-standard traditional program after surgery; Group C-no standard rehabilitation after surgery.Results Significantly better functions after surgery were detected in all the groups, while the absence of standard rehabilitation massively offset the benefits of the surgery. Furthermore, the Hua-Shan program showed advantage over the traditional rehabilitation, which may largely be attributed to its improvements for the fine action of wrist&finger.Conclusions The Hua-Shan program provided the opportunity to maximize the benefits of contralateral seventh cervical nerve transfer.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONStandard rehabilitation plays key roles in the recovery process for patients undergoing contralateral seventh cervical nerve transfer.The Hua-Shan program targeting nerve regeneration, brain plasticity and group therapy further improved the benefits of patients undergoing contralateral seventh cervical nerve transfer.Purpose To investigate the effectiveness of commercial exergames treatments on people with Parkinson’s disease (PD), a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomised controlled trials (RCT) was performed to evaluate functional locomotion effects in patients with PD.Methods A comprehensive search on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane, and other databases without language restrictions was conducted. References and reviews were cross-checked for possible studies. RCTs from 2012 were included. Seven studies with 236 participants were included in the NMA that used a random-effect Frequentist model to investigate the standard mean difference of pooled effect sizes change in functional locomotion between baseline and delayed retention tests on six comparisons.Results The direct comparisons Kinect Control (n = 4), Wii Control (n = 5) and the indirect-network comparison Kinect Wii (n = 1) determine that Nintendo Wii™ may be the best choice in functional locomotion improvements.Conclusions These network meta-analytic findings show that Kinect and Wii show immediate positive effects on functional locomotion in people with PD. Ravoxertinib ic50 Compared with Kinect RCTs, Wii may be considered the best therapy for providing functional recovery in PD.Implications for rehabilitationExergames rehabilitation reveals intervention benefits for functional locomotion in people with PD.In patients with cognitive disorders, Wii’s platform can be considered a visual reference and a cue to facilitate patients with freezing.Nintendo Wii seems to be a better device for locomotion rehabilitation in people with PD than Xbox Kinect.