Activity

54, 95% CI = 0.35-0.82). In joint analyses, when compared with subjects with medium calcium and 25(OH)D, subjects with high calcium and medium 25(OH)D had elevated odds of developing primary liver cancer (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.17-3.05); those with medium calcium and high 25(OH)D had reduced odds of developing primary liver cancer (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.17-0.67); and subjects in other classifications of calcium and serum 25(OH)D levels had no change in the odds of developing primary liver cancer (all

> 0.05).

In a nutrient-deficient population, we found that serum calcium and serum 25(OH)D could potentially be modifiable risk or protective factors.

Our findings provide potential targets for primary liver cancer prevention and control.

Our findings provide potential targets for primary liver cancer prevention and control.

Consensus has been reached on the effectiveness of inviting women aged 50 to 69 years to mammography screening, but for older women, the evidence is scarce. The aim of this study was to estimate the marginal effectiveness of inviting women to mammography screening with an upper age limit of 74 years versus stopping at age 69 using data from the Swedish service-screening program.

A cohort design was used to compare the breast cancer mortality in the period 1986 to 2012 between geographic areas and periods where women were invited to screening up to the age of 74 years (study group) with those where women were invited up to age 69 (control group). The study group and the control group were compared using the incidence-based breast cancer mortality rate ratio where only breast cancer deaths in cases diagnosed at 70 to 74 years of age were counted.

After 20 years of follow-up, there were 1,040 and 1,173 breast cancer deaths in the study and the control group, respectively. The breast cancer mortality rate ratio for women invited up to age 74 versus women invited up to age 69 was 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-0.85] after bias adjustments. The corresponding rate ratio for participating women was 0.73 (95% CI 0.66-0.81).

Continuing to screen women up to 74 years of age is effective compared with stopping screening at 69 years.

This large long-term study will add to the knowledge of the effect of mammography screening for women 70 to 74 years.

This large long-term study will add to the knowledge of the effect of mammography screening for women 70 to 74 years.

Studies of cancer risk among relatives of children with cancer beyond parents and siblings are limited. Selleck SU5402 We have investigated the cancer risk up to the third degree of relation in families with pediatric cancer to reveal patterns of inheritance.

A single-center cohort of 757 patients with pediatric cancer was linked to the Swedish National Population Register, resulting in 16,137 relatives up to the third degree of relation. All relatives were matched to the Swedish Cancer Register, and standard incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated to define relatives at risk.

Children and adults up to the third degree of relation had increased cancer risk, with SIRs of 1.48 (

= 0.01) and 1.07 (

< 0.01), respectively. The SIRs for first- and third-degree adult relatives were 1.22 and 1.10, respectively, but no increased risk was observed in second-degree relatives. Male relatives had a higher risk than females, especially when related to a girl and when the child had leukemia. The risk was mainly increased for lung, prostate, and gastrointestinal cancer. When excluding 29 families of children with known pathogenic germline variants, the increased risk remained.

Relatives to children with cancer up to third degree of relation have an increased cancer risk. Known pathogenic germline variants do not explain this increased risk.

The overall increased cancer risk among relatives of children with cancer in this population-based cohort strengthens the importance of surveillance programs for families with pediatric cancer.

The overall increased cancer risk among relatives of children with cancer in this population-based cohort strengthens the importance of surveillance programs for families with pediatric cancer.

Global prostate cancer incidence rates are lower in Asian men than Caucasian men. Whether this is the result of less screening in Asian men remains to be determined. We examined whether Asian race was associated with prostate cancer diagnosis in the Reduction by Dutasteride of Cancer Events (REDUCE) study.

REDUCE was a 4-year, multicenter, randomized trial of dutasteride versus placebo for prostate cancer prevention among men who underwent prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-independent biopsies at 2 and 4 years. Eligible men were ages 50 to 75 years, had PSA between 2.5 and 10 ng/mL, and a negative prestudy prostate biopsy. We tested the association between Asian and Caucasian race and prostate cancer diagnosis using logistic regression.

Of 8,122 men in REDUCE, 5,755 (71%) were Caucasian and 105 (1.8%) were Asian. Asians had lower body mass index (24.8 vs. 26.9 kg/m

,

< 0.001), had smaller prostate volume (35.0 vs. 43.5 cc,

< 0.001), and were less likely to have abnormal digital rectal exams (

= 0.048), but were similar in baseline age, PSA, family history of prostate cancer, and smoking status compared with Caucasian men (all

≥ 0.164). Asian men were equally likely to receive any on-study biopsy compared with Caucasian men (

= 0.634). After adjusting for potential confounders, Asian men were less likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer during the 4-year study (OR = 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.88;

= 0.016), compared with Caucasian men.

In REDUCE, where all men underwent biopsies largely independent of PSA, Asian race was associated with lower prostate cancer diagnosis.

These findings suggest that lower prostate cancer risk in Asian men may be due to biological, genetic, and/or lifestyle factors.

These findings suggest that lower prostate cancer risk in Asian men may be due to biological, genetic, and/or lifestyle factors.

Prevalence of

(

) infection, the main risk factor for gastric cancer, has been decreasing in the United States; however, there remains a substantial racial disparity. Moreover, the time-trends for prevalence of CagA-positive

infection, the most virulent form, are unknown in the U.S.

We sought to assess prevalence of CagA-positive

infection over time by race in the United States.

We utilized multiplex serology to quantify antibody responses to

antigens in 4,476 participants across five cohorts that sampled adults from 1985 to 2009. Using log-binomial regression models, we calculated prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between

-CagA sero-prevalence and birth year by race.

African Americans were three times more likely to be

-CagA sero-positive than Whites. After adjustment,

-CagA sero-prevalence was lower with increasing birth year among Whites (

= 0.001), but remained stable for African Americans. When stratified by sex and education separately, the decline in

-CagA sero-positivity among Whites remained only for females (

< 0.