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The results may provide potential novel insights into the biology of cervical dystonia.

This is the first large scale metabolomics study for any type of dystonia. selleck The results may provide potential novel insights into the biology of cervical dystonia.

Retinal abnormalities measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been detected in both Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cognitive impairment is not only found in AD, but 75-90% of PD patients will also develop dementia in the late stage of disease. We assessed whether baseline retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness predicted worsening of cognitive status over time and the correlation between RNFL thickness and the detailed impaired cognitive domains in PD.

RNFL thickness was measured using high-definition OCT in 78 non-dementia PD patients. Clinical and cognitive assessments were performed at baseline and at 3.61±0.65 years follow-up. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine associations between RNFL thickness and the changes in cognitive test scores, after adjusting for age, sex, disease duration and education.

Analysis of outcomes according to baseline RNFL tertiles showed worse performance in global cognitive tests, delayed memory, and executive functions in patients with a thin RNFL. During follow-up, greater cognitive deterioration was found in thin RNFL tertile patients. Lower baseline average RNFL thickness was associated with greater annualized decline in Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

The correlation between RNFL thickness and cognitive dysfunction suggests that OCT may be useful for predicting cognitive dysfunction in PD patients.

The correlation between RNFL thickness and cognitive dysfunction suggests that OCT may be useful for predicting cognitive dysfunction in PD patients.

Quantitative MR planimetric measurements were reported to discriminate between progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and non-PSP parkinsonism, yet few data exist on the usefulness of these markers in early disease stages.

The pons-to-midbrain area ratio (P/M) and the Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index (MRPI) as well as new indices, termed P/M2.0 and MRPI2.0, multiplying the former by a ratio of the third ventricle (3rdV) width/frontal horns (FH) width, were calculated on T1-weighted images in 84 patients with clinically unclassifiable neurodegenerative parkinsonism (CUP) at the time of imaging. Areas under the curve (AUCs) of these markers for predicting future PSP was determined. The final clinical diagnosis was made after at least 24 months of follow-up.

Final diagnosis was Parkinson’s disease in 55 patients, multiple system atrophy in 12 cases, and PSP in 17. At baseline imaging, patients with a final PSP diagnosis had significantly higher MRPI, P/M, MRPI2.0 and P/M2.0 values compared to the other groups. AUCs in discriminating between future PSP and non-PSP parkinsonism were 0.91 for both the P/M and the MRPI and 0.98 for the P/M2.0 and the MRPI2.0.

Brainstem-derived MR planimetric measures yield high diagnostic accuracy for separating PSP from non-PSP parkinsonism in early disease stages when clinical criteria are not yet fully met. Consistent with the underlying pathology in PSP, our study suggests that inclusion of 3

V width makes P/M2.0 and MRPI2.0 more accurate in diagnosing early stage PSP patients than the P/M and MRPI.

Brainstem-derived MR planimetric measures yield high diagnostic accuracy for separating PSP from non-PSP parkinsonism in early disease stages when clinical criteria are not yet fully met. Consistent with the underlying pathology in PSP, our study suggests that inclusion of 3rdV width makes P/M2.0 and MRPI2.0 more accurate in diagnosing early stage PSP patients than the P/M and MRPI.This study evaluated the effects of calcium gluconate (CaGlu), sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP), and NaF/TMP when added to a 35% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching gel on the color change, enamel hardness, penetration and cytotoxicity trans-amelodentinal. Bovine enamel/dentin disks (n = 288) were divided according to the bleaching gel 35% H2O2; 35% H2O2 + 0.05% NaF; 35% H2O2 + 0.25% TMP; 35% H2O2 + 0.05% NaF + 0.25% TMP; 35% H2O2 + 0.1% NaF + 1% TMP and 35% H2O2 + 2% CaGlu. The bleaching gels were applied thrice (40 min/session) at 7-day intervals between each application. Then, the color change, percentage of surface hardness loss (%SH), cross-sectional hardness (ΔKHN), trans-amelodentinal penetration of H2O2, cell viability and morphology (MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and deposition of mineralization nodules were determined. The data were submitted to ANOVA, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p less then 0.05). All bleaching gels showed significant color changes after treatment (p less then 0.001). Mineral loss (%SH and ΔKHN) and H2O2 penetration were lower for 35% H2O2/0.1% NaF/1% TMP; 35% H2O2/2% CaGlu, meanwhile, showed higher values, compared to the other groups (p less then 0.001). Cell viability was around 9%, except for the bleaching gel containing 35% H2O2/0.1% NaF/1% TMP with 12.8% (p less then 0.05). ALP was higher for groups containing TMP compared to other whitening gels (p less then 0.05). The formation of mineralization nodules was greater for gels containing NaF/TMP or CaGlu (p less then 0.05). The alterations of cell morphology were intense for all bleaching gels. It was concluded that the addition of NaF/TMP in-office bleaching did not interfere in bleaching efficacy, reduced enamel demineralization, H2O2 penetration and cytotoxicity.This study aimed at comparatively evaluate, by visual method, the fluorescence intensity in vitro and in vivo of six resins composed of different classifications and viscosities compared to natural enamel. For the in vitro study, seventy specimens were prepared and for the in vivo study, a restoration was performed on the cervical portion of the buccal face of 6 anterior maxillary teeth, which under ultraviolet light were compared to the dental structure. The specimens and restorations were photographed only under the illumination of an ultraviolet lamp. The photographic record was performed, with standardized parameters for all photographs (ISO 100). After visual analysis of the images by three evaluators calibrated in the in vitro study and by ten evaluators calibrated in the in vivo study, numerical values were assigned to resins without fluorescence (zero), medium fluorescence (1) and high fluorescence (2). The evaluations were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test, which among the limitations of this study and according to the employed methodology, it was found that there was no statistical difference in fluorescence intensity among the composite resins evaluated, since all types of resins achieved fluorescent metamerism with dental enamel.