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001). Relative to the shortest adult height (147 cm for men and 137 cm for women), men at 174 cm had a 47% lower likelihood of all-cause mortality and women at 158 cm a 33% lower risk of all-cause mortality.

Our study suggests that the relation between adult height and all-cause mortality is approximately U-shaped in both men and women.

Our study suggests that the relation between adult height and all-cause mortality is approximately U-shaped in both men and women.

Since video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) was first performed in the early 1990s, there have been many developments, and the conversion rate has decreased over the years. This article highlights the specific outcomes of patients undergoing conversion to thoracotomy despite initially scheduled VATS lung resection.

We retrospectively reviewed 501 patients who underwent thoracoscopic anatomic lung resection (i.e. lobectomy, segmentectomy or bilobectomy) between 1 January 2012 and 1 August 2017 at our institution. We explored the risk factors for surgical conversion and adverse events occurring in patients who underwent conversion to thoracotomy.

A total of 44/501 patients underwent conversion during the procedure (global rate 8.8%). The main reasons for conversion were (i) anatomical variation, adhesions or unexpected tumour extension (37%), followed by (ii) vascular causes (30%) and (iii) unexpected lymph node invasion (20%). The least common reason for conversion was technical failure (13%). We could not identify any specific risk factors for conversion. The global complication rate was significantly higher in converted patients (40.9%) than in complete VATS patients (16.8%) (P = 0.001). Postoperative atrial fibrillation was a major complication in converted patients (18.2%) [odds ratio (OR) 5.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.80-13.27; P = 0.001]. Perioperative mortality was higher in the conversion group (6.8%) than in the VATS group (0.2%) (OR 33.3, 95% CI 3.4-328; P = 0.003).

Through the years, the global conversion rate has dramatically decreased to <10%. Nevertheless, patients who undergo conversion represent a high-risk population in terms of complications (40.9% vs 16.8%) and perioperative mortality (6.8% vs 0.2%).

Through the years, the global conversion rate has dramatically decreased to less then 10%. Nevertheless, patients who undergo conversion represent a high-risk population in terms of complications (40.9% vs 16.8%) and perioperative mortality (6.8% vs 0.2%).

There is an urgent need to make neuropsychological (NP) testing more acceptable, accessible, and culturally salient, particularly for culturally, educationally, and linguistically diverse individuals from countries who may have little-to-no experience with NP testing. In settings with limited resources such as South Africa, unique cultural and contextual factors (e.g., structural inequality, poverty) may impact the experience of NP evaluation. Research in this area is limited and requires further exploration. This qualitative study explores the role of cultural and contextual factors that may impact the experience of NP evaluation in a sample of Xhosa-speaking South African adults. this website Participant interviews explored the context from which individuals arrived at the NP assessment (e.g., quality of education, understanding of cognitive disorders), and their experience of completing NP tests.

This qualitative study used data from semistructured interviews to conduct a thematic analysis exploring contextual factr optimal assessment conditions. They may also need to educate participants on possible causes of cognitive disorders.

This study provided much needed exploration into unique cultural factors that may impact the experience of NP assessment in South Africa, which could bias test performance and interpretation, and may aid the field of cross-cultural NP in better serving culturally and linguistically diverse populations. In these countries, neuropsychologists may need to actively evaluate participants’ understanding of NP testing to help foster optimal assessment conditions. They may also need to educate participants on possible causes of cognitive disorders.Sugarcane aphid Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner is a significant economic pest of grain sorghum in the United States. Effective monitoring and early detection are cornerstones for managing invasive pests. The recently developed binomial sequential sampling plan estimates sugarcane aphid economic thresholds (ETs) based on classification whether a 2-leaf sample unit has ≤ or ≥ 50 M. sacchari. In this study, we evaluated eight 2-leaf sampling units for potential use in the sequential sampling plan. From 2016 through 2017, whole plant counts of M. sacchari were recorded non-destructively in situ on sorghum plants from 140 fields located in five states. Plant canopies were stratified into three categories. Two leaves from each stratum were used to compare linear relationships between M. sacchari numbers per two-leaf sample unit and total M. sacchari density per plant. Analysis revealed that two randomly selected leaves from the middle stratum accounted more variation for estimating M. sacchari density when compared to two leaves from the other strata. Comparison of eight two-leaf sampling units within plant growth stages were variable in quantifying variation of M. sacchari densities. When growth stages were combined, the standard uppermost + lowermost leaf sample unit and a unit consisting of two randomly selected leaves from the middle stratum revealed little difference in their enumeration of variation in M. sacchari density. Because other sample units were either less predictive and/or more variable in estimating M. sacchari density, we suggest that the (L1+U1) sample unit remain the preferred method for appraising M. sacchari ETs.Global and local food system transformation is necessary in order to ensure the delivery of healthy, safe, and nutritious foods in both sustainable and equitable ways. Food systems are complex entities that affect diets, human health, and a range of other outcomes including economic growth, natural resource and environmental resiliency, and sociocultural factors. However, food systems contribute to and are vulnerable to ongoing climate and environmental changes that threaten their sustainability. Although there has been increased focus on this topic in recent years, many gaps in our knowledge persist on the relation between environmental factors, food systems, and nutritional outcomes. In this article, we summarize this emerging field and describe what innovative nutrition research is needed in order to bring about food policy changes in the era of climate disruption and environmental degradation.