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immunization of mice with mentioned antigens especially a mixture of them, could eliminate the biofilm formation process in

. Hopefully, this study corresponds to the suggestion that the immunization of mice with PIA and rSesC candidate vaccines could protect against

infection.

immunization of mice with mentioned antigens especially a mixture of them, could eliminate the biofilm formation process in S. aureus. Hopefully, this study corresponds to the suggestion that the immunization of mice with PIA and rSesC candidate vaccines could protect against S. aureus infection.

West Nile Virus (WNV) is an arboviral infection continuing to be as major threat to human health as well as the livestock industry all around the world. Birds including pigeons are one of the potential reservoirs for WNV. This study aimed to detect the presence of WNV genome in feral pigeons circulating in Semnan and Khorasane-Razavi Provinces (Iran) including 10 urban and 10 suburban areas.

Totally, 150 samples (brain and kidney) were collected equally from feral pigeons and the presence of WNV genome was evaluated in these samples after RNA extraction.

All the samples were negative for the presence of WNV-RNA in this investigation.

Although obtained result indicated no evidence of WNV genome in feral pigeons but complementary studies regarding serologic detection of WNV in vertebrate hosts as well as pigeons and identification of arthropod vectors seems necessary for comprehensive determination about infection status in these areas.

Although obtained result indicated no evidence of WNV genome in feral pigeons but complementary studies regarding serologic detection of WNV in vertebrate hosts as well as pigeons and identification of arthropod vectors seems necessary for comprehensive determination about infection status in these areas.

Recovery from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) leads to protection against further lesion development. In contrast, vaccination using killed parasites does not induce enough protection; the reason(s) is not currently known but might be related to different immune response induced against live versus killed parasites. In this study, Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles of CL patients were evaluated against live versus killed

.

In this study peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the volunteers with active CL lesion (CL), history of CL (HCL) and healthy volunteers were cultured and stimulated with live or killed

, the supernatants were collected and levels of IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-10 were titrated using ELISA method.

The results showed that IFN-γ levels in CL patients (p< 0.001) and HCL volunteers (p< 0.005) are significantly higher when stimulated with live than stimulated with killed

IFN-γ production in PBMC volunteers with CL and HCL stimulated with live or heat-killed

was significantly (p< 0.001) higher than in unstimulated ones. The level of IL-5 in CL patients (p< 0.005) and HCL volunteers (p< 0.001) are significantly lower when stimulated with live than killed

There was no significant difference between the levels of IL-10 in PBMC stimulated with either live or killed

It is concluded that using live

induces a stronger Th1 type of immune response which justify using leishmanization as a control measure against CL.

It is concluded that using live Leishmania induces a stronger Th1 type of immune response which justify using leishmanization as a control measure against CL.

Malaria is the third most important infectious disease in the world. WHO propose programs for controlling and elimination of the disease. Malaria elimination program has begun in first phase in Iran from 2010. Climate factors play an important role in transmission and occurrence of malaria infection. The main goal is to investigate the spatial distribution of incidence of malaria during April 2011 to March 2018 in Hormozgan Province and its association with climate covariates.

The data included 882 confirmed cases gathered from CDC in Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. A Poisson-Gamma Random field model with Bayesian approach was used for modeling the data and produces the smoothed standardized incidence rate (SIR).

The SIR for malaria ranged from 0 (Abu Musa and Haji Abad districts) to 280.57 (Bandar-e-Jask). Based on model, temperature (RR= 2.29; 95% credible interval (1.92-2.78)) and humidity (RR= 1.04; 95% credible interval (1.03-1.06)) had positive effect on malaria incidence, but rainfall (RR= 0.92; 95% credible interval (0.90-0.95)) had negative impact. Also, smoothed map represent hot spots in the east of the province and in Qeshm Island.

Based on the analysis of the study results, it was found that the ecological conditions of the region (temperature, humidity and rainfall) and population displacement play an important role in the incidence of malaria. Therefore, the malaria surveillance system should continue to be active in the region, focusing on high-risk areas of malaria.

Based on the analysis of the study results, it was found that the ecological conditions of the region (temperature, humidity and rainfall) and population displacement play an important role in the incidence of malaria. click here Therefore, the malaria surveillance system should continue to be active in the region, focusing on high-risk areas of malaria.

Canine babesiosis is one of the mainly worldwide-distributed tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasitic diseases in dogs.

A total of 43 blood samples were randomly collected from naturally infected dogs in seven villages from different geographical areas of Meshkin Shahr, Ardabil Province, Iran. The presence of

species detected with standard methods including parasitological and gene sequencing techniques targeting the 18S rRNA gene.

Our results revealed that four dogs 9.3% (4/43) including one female and three male dogs were infected with

. All four

-infected dogs were confirmed

by the molecular-based method. Sequence alignments comparison of the

genotypes A and B, it was revealed that all

isolates belonged to genotype B.

This study provides essential data for subsequently define the critical importance of the molecular studies in management and prevention of the canine babesiosis in Iran.

This study provides essential data for subsequently define the critical importance of the molecular studies in management and prevention of the canine babesiosis in Iran.