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 gingivalis wild-type strain. These results are consistent with the proposed role of Sov as the translocation pore in the outer membrane and PorV as the shuttle protein that transports the T9SS substrates between sub-complexes. Together, the label-free quantitative proteomics analyses showed that different T9SS mutants have vastly different abundances of the T9SS components. This knowledge will greatly assist in interpreting the phenotype of the T9SS mutants as well as selecting the right mutant for exploring the role of an individual component. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND Kidney biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosing kidney disease but may result in bleeding, especially in uremia. DDAVP (1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin) may reduce uremic bleeding but guidelines on its use are lacking. We aimed to evaluate whether DDAVP reduced bleeding complications after percutaneous kidney biopsies. METHODS We searched CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, LILACS, WHO Trials Registry and ClinicalTrials.gov until May 2019 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs and prospective cohort studies that compared DDAVP with placebo or no intervention, prior to native or allograft kidney biopsy. The primary outcome was post-biopsy bleeding. Secondary outcome was adverse events related to DDAVP. RESULTS Abstracts of 270 identified papers were examined and 24 selected for evaluation. Two studies, one RCT and one prospective cohort that collectively evaluated 738 native kidney biopsies, met the inclusion criteria. One enrolled individuals with serum creatinine ≤1.5 mg/dL (132 μmol/L) and/or eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2 while the other evaluated biopsies with serum creatinine >150 μmol/L. DDAVP was administered as a single subcutaneous dose of 0.3 μg/kg in both studies. Data were not pooled for meta-analysis due to clinical heterogeneity. GRADE quality of evidence from these two studies was low for DDAVP preventing any bleeding complication after native kidney biopsy. Low quality evidence suggested that adverse effects were not increased in DDAVP therapy. learn more No prospective studies evaluated DDAVP in transplant kidney biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Currently available prospective data is insufficient to support the routine use of DDAVP prior to percutaneous kidney biopsies hence high quality trials are required. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Gut microbiota constitute the largest reservoir of the human microbiome, and is an abundant and stable ecosystem – based on its diversity, complexity, redundancy, and host interactions. This ecosystem is indispensable for human development and health. The integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier depends on its interactions with gut microbiota. The commensal bacterial community is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC). The dysbiosis of microbes is characterized by reduced biodiversity, abnormal composition, altered spatial distribution, as well as interactions among microbiota, between different strains of microbiota, and with the host. The defects in microecology, with the related metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms, play a critical role in the innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa in UC. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used to treat many diseases related to gut microbiota, with the most promising outcome reported in antibiotic-associated diarrhea, followed by IBD. This review evaluated the results of various reports of FMT in UC. The efficacy of FMT remains highly controversial, and needs to be regularized by integrated management, standardization of procedures, and individualization of treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Worldwide, it is estimated that 235-334 million people have been diagnosed with asthma. In Nicaragua, the current asthma rate for children 13-14 years of age was 15.2%. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of asthma at this school-based health clinic in Managua, Nicaragua, associated symptoms or diseases, determine asthma classification, medications, and hospitalization rates. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on all pediatric patient’s medical records seen in the clinic during a 5-day period (n = 105). RESULTS A total of 23 patients (21.9%) had asthma documented in the medical chart and were included in the analysis. Of the 23 patients, 3 (13%) patients were classified with intermittent asthma while the rest of the patients (87%) were not classified. Albuterol was prescribed for 19 (86%) of the patients with two patients who had both albuterol and QVAR® prescribed. Six (26%) patients had a family history of asthma. DISCUSSION This study demonstrated the prevalence of asthma in school-aged children in Nicaragua is significant and higher than previously reported. The lack of a classification of asthma prevents patients from potentially being treated appropriately. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.AIM Many studies have demonstrated predictors of the difficulty of laparoscopic anterior resection for rectal cancer. Few studies focus on the influence of pelvic dimensions on robotic-assisted mesorectal excision (ME) and intersphincteric resection (ISR). This study aimed to evaluate the influences of the mesorectal fat area (MFA) and mesorectal area on the difficulty of robotic sphincter-saving surgery. METHODS We included 156 patients with middle and low rectal cancer who underwent robotic sphincter-saving surgery. Clinical and anatomical factors, including the pelvic dimensions, were collected. Linear regression was performed for variables associated with surgical duration. We also performed subgroup analyses for robotic-assisted ME and ISR. Logistic regression was used to find variables associated with transanal dissection. RESULTS For patients with middle or low rectal cancer, the sacral length and tumour distance from the anal verge were independently associated with surgical duration. The pT stage, sacral length and the MFA were independent predictors for the surgical duration of robotic-assisted ME.