Activity

author intends to elaborate on these dystrophies separately in other StatPearls articles. The variants of CD based on their new anatomic classifications in IC3D are Epithelial and subepithelial dystrophies Epithelial-Stromal Dystrophies (still included under epithelial and subepithelial dystrophies) Stromal dystrophies Endothelial Corneal DystrophiesEtoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, was first synthesized in 1966 and then approved in 1983 by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cancer therapy. It is a semi-synthetic compound derived from the North American mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum, and the Indian species, Podophyllum emodi Wallich.Didanosine, also is known as ddI, is a purine nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used in combination with antiretroviral regiments of anti-HIV therapy. After its uptake into a cell, it works by inhibiting the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. It is also effective as a monotherapy. learn more In several studies, the use of didanosine delayed progression of diseases in AIDS patients and increased both short- and long-term survival.The spectrum of disease in shoulder instability ranges from pain due to instability to locked dislocations. The natural history, treatment, and prognosis differ according to the diagnosis. Anterior glenohumeral (GH) dislocation is the common first time presentation of shoulder instability that is encountered by clinicians. GH dislocations account for about 50% of all joint dislocations, 95% to 97% of these being anterior dislocations. The inherent mobility of the GH joint comes at the expense of stability. GH stability is afforded by both static and dynamic restraints. Static restraints include the glenoid labrum, glenohumeral ligaments, articular concavity of the glenoid fossa, and intra-articular pressure. Dynamic restraints include the rotator cuff muscles, periscapular muscles, and biceps tendon. Closed reduction of acute dislocations should be performed in a timely manner. Further diagnostic work up and long term management is guided by patient age, patient activity level, and mechanism of injury.Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an injury to the brain from external mechanical force. TBI can generally be classified as either closed or penetrating, with the latter distinguished by violation of the skull and dura mater. Of the two, closed head injury (CHI) is far more common. Types of CHI include concussion, contusion, diffuse axonal injury, and intracranial hematoma (epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage). This article will focus only on closed head injury, and the terms TBI and CHI will be used interchangeably. TBI is often classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the Glasgow coma Scale (GCS). Mild TBI, often called “concussion,” is defined by a GCS of 14 to 15 and accounts for over 80% of TBI. Moderate TBI is defined by a GCS of 9 to 13 and accounts for about 10% of TBI. Severe TBI is defined by a GCS of 3 to 8.Fat grafting is a technique where the harvested adipose tissue is injected into various compartments underneath the skin. The term autologous fat grafting refers to the procedure where the source of fat is the same person on whom it is to be used. For many years this technique has been used for a variety of different purposes. Autologous adipose tissue is considered by many to be an ideal filler material for facial rejuvenation, as it represents one of the most biocompatible dermal fillers with low allergenicity, produces a soft and natural result, and may have semi-permanent to permanent effects. This article is focused on the utility of this procedure for facial rejuvenation.Goiter simply refers to the enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can be due to various causes, dietary iodine deficiency being the most common cause worldwide. In the United States, however, Graves disease and Hashimoto disease are more common. Goiter has been classified as per different categories, morphology (nodular/diffuse), functional status (hyper/hypo/euthyroid), malignancy, etc. By definition, a ‘diffuse, toxic” Goiter refers to a diffusely hyperplastic thyroid gland that is excessively overproducing the thyroid hormones.Tolterodine is a tertiary amine and serves as an antimuscarinic medication indicated in patients with an overactive bladder (OAB), including increased urgency and frequency to urinate. This drug serves as a gold standard treatment for OAB, is regarded as the third most favorable antimuscarinic, and has a decreased level of adverse effects when compared to other alternatives, such as oxybutynin. Patient tolerance of tolterodine is significantly better oxybutynin, with regards to the incidence and severity of dry mouth. Also, fewer dropouts of patients occur with tolterodine as compared to oxybutynin. Clinical studies have shown that combination therapy of tolterodine with an alpha-blocker, such as tamsulosin, significantly improves symptoms. Compared to placebo, tolterodine 4 mg did not prove to be effective in reducing nocturia episodes. In comparison to tolterodine, a β-adrenoceptor agonist called mirabegron is better tolerated by patients. It has a higher patient preference and shows better improvements in symptoms of OAB. Although both treatments are well tolerated, the anticholinergic side effects of tolterodine were higher than those of mirabegron.Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a rare malignant sweat gland tumor that commonly occurs on the head and neck.MAC has a predilection for the central face, but may be found although it may be found on the trunk, axilla, extremities, and genitals. MAC is characterized by its slow growth but local aggressiveness. There are approximately 200 cases worldwide; however, it was Goldstein and others that first described MAC in 1982. MAC has been mentioned under a number of names including The tumor, known as syringomatous adenoma of the nipple, has been considered MAC; however, this is debated. MAC is known to have perineural invasion (upwards of 80%) with infiltration beyond clinically apparent margins. However, it has little metastatic potential but often recurs.