Activity

Moreover, this assay can be completed in less than 20 min, and its detection results were consistent with that of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Therefore, the developed SERS-based lateral flow immunosensor is a promising approach for mycotoxin detection in the field. Crude laccase potency on biodegradation and detoxification of Reactive blue 19 (RB-19) were demonstrated, along with prediction of degradation mechanisms, pathways and byproducts analysis. Trametes versicolor, cultured on pampas grass inflorescence (Cortaderia selloana), yielded the best crude laccase activity (15.36 U/g). 10 U CLE activities demonstrated a biodegradation yield (85%) in 210 min, at pH 4, 50 °C and 200 mg/L RB-19 concentrations. Evolution of a brown color that absorbed maximally at 478 nm was observed during biodegradation. Two methods were adopted for byproducts extraction, three methods for toxicity analysis and four models for kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) determination. 2-ethylanthracene, 2-hydroxycyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one, 2(4-methylphenyl)-ethan-1-amine, 1-[6-hydroperoxy-4,5-bis(sulfooxy)oxan-3-yl]triaza-1,2-dien-2-ium, naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid and N-[(5-oxooxolan-2-yl)methyl]acetamide were detected as toxic byproducts. Brown color evolution was due to 1,1,1-triethyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-2,2-dioxo-2λ6-diazathian-1-ium (methoxycarbonyl sulfanyl-triethylammonium hydroxide) inner salt. Increase in color density (light to dark brown) was a function of byproduct(s) biodegradation and polymerization. RB-19 and byproduct acute toxicities were decreased significantly (98% – 6.91%). Kinetic parameters Km (18.05 mg/L) and Vmax (0.31 mg/L. min-1) from the four kinetic models demonstrated higher affinity of CLE to RB-19. CLE yielded a catalytic activity (Vmax/Km =0.017 min-1) demonstrating the flexibility of CLE active site to RB-19 binding over commercial laccase. Alpha-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and its masked form α-zearalenol-14 glucoside (α-ZEL-14G) have much higher oestrogenic activity than zearalenone. Owing to very limited toxicokinetic and metabolic data, no reference points could be established for risk assessment. To circumvent it, the toxicokinetic, metabolic profiles, and phenotyping of α-ZEL and α-ZEL-14G were comprehensively investigated in this study. As a result, the plasma concentrations of α-ZEL and α-ZEL-14G were all below LOQ after oral administration, while after iv injection, both could be significantly bio-transformed into various metabolites. A complete hydrolysis of α-ZEL-14G contributed to α-ZEL overall toxicity. Additionally, 31 phase I and 10 phase II metabolites of α-ZEL, and 9 phase I and 5 phase II metabolites were identified for α-ZEL-14G. For α-ZEL, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways, while for α-ZEL-14G, it was deglycosylation, reduction, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation. Significant metabolic differences were observed for α-ZEL and α-ZEL-14G in the liver microsomes of rats, chickens, swine, goats, cows and humans. Phenotyping studies indicated that α-ZEL and α-ZEL-14G were mediated by CYP 3A4, 2C8, and 1A2. Moreover, the deglycosylation of α-ZEL-14G was critically mediated by CES-I and CES-II. The acquired data would provide fundamental perspectives for risk evaluation of mycotoxins and their modified forms. V.INTRODUCTION Sclerosing thymoma (ST) is an extremely rare disease with less than 20 cases ever been described. Here, we present a case of sclerosing thymoma that was followed up as mediastinal goiter for eight years. PRESENTATION OF CASE A 77-year-old man was presented with a superior mediastinal tumor. The patient was asymptomatic and not affected by myasthenia gravis. Computed tomography showed a well-defined superior mediastinal tumor whose size had regressed over time. Ultrasonography-guided core-needle biopsy revealed type B1 to B2 thymoma, and total-thymectomy was performed. Histopathologically, most of the tumor showed hyalinization and sclerosis, and slight signs of type AB thymoma were found at the tumor’s periphery. The patient was diagnosed with ST. No evidence of recurrence was observed 12 months following surgery. DISCUSSION Since sclerosing thymoma is mostly composed of fibrous tissue, small specimens such as needle biopsies do not contain tumor cell nests and are difficult to confirm. Complete resection is currently the most common treatment for ST. Spontaneous regression of ST has been reported; however, the mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated. CONCLUSION This rare case of sclerosing thymoma is an unusual case since it has follow up information for an eight year period due to the misdiagnosis of goiter. The follow up visits showed significant regression of the tumor over the eight year period without treatment; however, the etiology of sclerosis and regression remain unknown. The patient was treated by thymectomy with no recurrence after 12 months. INTRODUCTION Choledochal cyst originating from the cystic duct is a very rare case and difficult to diagnose preoperatively, it is classified as Todani type VI choledochal cyst. see more Only three cases of type VI choledochal cyst have been reported in the literature. PRESENTATION OF CASE A 35-year-old woman came with an enlarged and palpable mass in the right upper abdomen. The initial abdominal contrast CT scan and MRCP supported the presentation of Todani type 1 choledochal cyst. Intraoperatively, we found a different diagnosis, it was not type 1 but Todani type VI choledochal cyst. We found a large cyst originating from the cystic duct, attached to the gallbladder, without any connection to the intra or extrahepatic bile duct. The patient underwent simple cholecystectomy as well as excision of the cyst. After the follow-up for 3 months, the patient was uneventfully cured. DISCUSSION Preoperative diagnosis of type VI choledochal cyst seems to be difficult because it is a rare entity and it exhibits an ambiguous anatomic feature. Most cases may be misidentified as type I or II choledochal cyst before surgery. The diagnosis was made intraoperatively. Preoperatively the definitive anatomy may be delineated by ERCP if there is any high suspicion. CONCLUSION Preoperative diagnosis of type VI choledochal cyst may be challenging and requires detailed radiological evaluation and multidisciplinary discussion. The cystic duct orifice and the diameter of the common bile duct are important to determine adequate management during the operation.