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In contrast to previous research, greater negative emodiversity was related to more symptoms of depression and anxiety and more physical health symptoms. Greater negative emodiversity was only associated with one positive outcome better executive functioning. These findings illustrate inconsistencies across studies in whether negative emodiversity is associated with better or worse outcomes and raise further questions about how the construct of emodiversity can be better refined. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with strain in marriage and similar intimate relationships, and such difficulties could contribute to associations of PTSD with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Heightened cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) during stressful marital interactions may be an important mechanism in this regard. This study examined dysfunctional behavior during marital conflict as a mediator of the association of PTSD with heightened CVR during these interactions. In 64 couples comprising male military veterans and female partners, participants underwent a 17-min video-recorded conflict discussion, with assessment of blood pressure and cardiac sympathetic activation (i.e. preejection period). Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor In half of the couples, veterans met interview and questionnaire criteria for PTSD. Behavior was coded for aspects of affiliation (e.g., warmth vs. hostility) and control (e.g., dominance vs. deference), as well as blends of these broader dimensions. Extending previous reports from this study, actor-partner mediational analyses indicated that PTSD contributed to larger increases in veterans’ and spouses’ systolic blood pressure during the interaction through effects of the individual’s own expressions of low warmth. PTSD contributed to veterans’ and spouses’ greater cardiac sympathetic activation through effects of the individual’s own expressions of hostile control (e.g., blame, criticism). Hence, expressions of low warmth and high hostile control contribute to effects of PTSD on veterans’ and spouses’ heightened CVR during marital conflict discussions, suggesting a mechanism linking PTSD with CVD risk and potential targets for risk-reducing behavioral interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Associative treatments of how Pavlovian conditioning affects conditioned behavior are rudimentary A simple ordinal mapping is held to exist between the strength of an association (V) between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US; i.e., VCS-US) and conditioned behavior in a given experimental preparation. The inadequacy of this simplification is highlighted by recent studies that have taken multiple measures of conditioned behavior Different measures of conditioned behavior provide the basis for drawing opposite conclusions about VCS-US across individual animals. Here, we develop a simple model involving reciprocal associations between the CS and US (VCS-US and VUS-CS) that simulates these qualitative individual differences in conditioned behavior. The new model, HeiDI (How excitation and inhibition Determine Ideo-motion), enables a broad range of phenomena to be accommodated, which are either beyond the scope of extant models or require them to appeal to additional (learning) processes. It also provides an impetus for new lines of inquiry and generates novel predictions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The role of positive emotion in anorexia nervosa (AN) has been underappreciated in both theory and treatment. Yet, people with AN demonstrate high motivation for and sustained effort toward weight loss, achieving success to an extreme beyond the capability of most people. Positive emotion dysregulation may facilitate and reinforce such efforts. The positive emotion amplification (PE-AMP) model of AN describes a dynamic interplay between biologically based enhanced reward responding and cognitive-behavioral factors that amplify positive emotion, resulting in positive feedback cycles that motivate and reinforce weight loss behavior during the AN onset phase. These experiences subvert the pursuit of happiness by providing artificial senses of autonomy, competency, and relatedness to others (self-determination theory; Ryan & Deci, 2000) that provide a stark contrast to an otherwise negative emotional environment, resulting in the emergence and persistence of AN psychopathology as a self-sustaining sense of purpose. Ultimately, negative emotion, PE dysregulation, and artificial self-determination threats continue to drive AN behavior during the AN maintenance phase, pushing patients toward a genuine self-determination breakdown that can lead to hospitalization, health crises, relational strife and diminished quality of life, or even manifest in suicidal behavior. Future research directions and novel methodological approaches inspired by the PE-AMP model are discussed, as are important treatment implications for addressing this highly treatment-resistant disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Objective Racial discrimination is a common experience for African Americans, but no research has examined how discrimination reported in daily-life moments influences concurrent negative emotions and psychosocial resources. Method Emerging adult African Americans (N = 54) reported hourly on momentary racial discrimination, negative emotions, and psychosocial resources across two days. Results Controlling for past discrimination and trait emotion, momentary racial discrimination was associated with greater negative emotions and lower psychosocial resources (ps less then .05). The relationship between momentary racial discrimination and negative emotions was stronger among individuals residing in areas with fewer African Americans (simple slope p less then .0001). The relationship between momentary racial discrimination and psychosocial resources was stronger among individuals reporting greater past discrimination (simple slope p less then .0001). Vicarious discrimination (exposure to discrimination experienced by another person) was associated with higher negative emotions (p less then .