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We suggest that clear guidelines for referral are necessary to increase benefits, decrease costs by preventing unnecessary NIPD, and potentially allow first-line broader spectrum testing for fetuses where the aetiology may be more heterogeneous. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The reactions of the fluoride-ion donor, XeF6, with the fluoride-ion acceptors, M’OF4 (M’ = Cr, Mo, W), yield [XeF5]+ and [Xe2F11]+ salts of [M’OF5]- and [M2O2F9]- (M = Mo, W). Xenon hexafluoride and MOF4 react in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (aHF) to give equilibrium mixtures of [Xe2F11]+ , [XeF5]+, [(HF)nF]-, [MOF5]-, and [M2O2F9]- from which the title salts were crystallized. The [XeF5][CrOF5] and [Xe2F11][CrOF5] salts could not be formed from mixtures of CrOF4 and XeF6 in aHF at low temperature (LT) owing to the low fluoride-ion affinity of CrOF4 , but yielded [XeF5][HF2].CrOF4 instead. In contrast, MoOF4 and WOF4 are sufficiently Lewis acidic to abstract F- ion from [(HF)nF]- in aHF to give the [MOF5]- and [M2O2F9]- salts of [XeF5]+ and [Xe2F11]+. To circumvent [(HF)nF]- formation, [Xe2F11][CrOF5] was synthesized at LT in CF2ClCF2Cl solvent. The salts were characterized by LT Raman spectroscopy and LT single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which provided the first X-ray crystal structure of the [CrOF5]- anion and the highest precision geometric parameters currently available for [MOF5]- and [M2O2F9]-. Hydrolysis of [Xe2F11][WOF5] by water contaminant in HF solvent yielded [XeF5][WOF5]∙XeOF4. Quantum-chemical calculations were carried out for M’OF4, [M’OF5]-, [M’2O2F9]-, [Xe2F11][CrOF5]2, [Xe2F11][MOF5], and [XeF5][M2O2F9]2 to obtain their gas-phase geometries and vibrational frequencies to aid in their vibrational mode assignments and to assess chemical bonding. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence of the perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) – diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) mismatch and response to intravenous thrombolysis in the WAKE-UP trial. METHODS We performed a prespecified post-hoc analysis of ischemic stroke patients screened for DWI – fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) mismatch in WAKE-UP who underwent PWI. We defined PWI-DWI mismatch as ischemic core volume  1.2. Primary efficacy endpoint was a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1 at 90 days, adjusted for age and symptom severity. RESULTS Of 1,362 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screened patients, 431 underwent PWI. Of these, 57 (13%) had a double mismatch, 151 (35%) only a DWI-FLAIR mismatch and 54 (13%) only a PWI-DWI mismatch. DWI-FLAIR mismatch was more prevalent than PWI-DWI mismatch (48%; 95% CI 43%-53% vs 26%; 95% CI 22%-30%, p  less then  0.0001). Screening for either one of the mismatch profiles resulted in a yield of 61% (95% CI 56%-65%). Prevalence of PWI-DWI mismatch was similar in patients with (27%) or without (24%) DWI-FLAIR mismatch (p = 0.52). In an exploratory analysis in the small subgroup of 208 randomized patients with PWI, PWI-DWI mismatch status did not modify the treatment response (p for interaction = 0.73). INTERPRETATION Evaluating both the DWI-FLAIR and PWI-DWI mismatch pattern in patients with unknown time of stroke onset will result in the highest yield of thrombolysis treatment. The treatment benefit of alteplase in patients with a DWI-FLAIR mismatch seems not merely driven by the presence of a PWI-DWI mismatch, although this analysis was underpowered. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.This study uses viability selection simulations to predict the evolvability of primate species based on specialization of limb morphology. Following the author’s predictions, more specialized limb morphologies were less responsive to selective pressures. This led to a slower transition toward new adaptive peaks. Specifically, evolvability of primate limbs was found to be associated with the degree of morphological integration, limb specialization, and body size. © 2020 The Authors. Evolution © 2020 The Society for the Study of Evolution.INTRODUCTION Effusion cytology has a high sensitivity for the diagnosis of malignancy and provides abundant material for molecular testing. Effusion draining is a minimally invasive procedure with few complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a review of publications regarding the use of molecular testing in serous effusions. RESULTS In diagnostics, BAP-1 IHC and CDKN2A FISH are powerful tools for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. FISH, PCR, and EBER-ISH work well in lymphomas. RT-PCR may enhance the diagnosis of secondary epithelial malignancies. In theranostics, molecular testing on serous effusions is widely reported for the detection of alterations in genes related to lung carcinomas, such as EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF. PD-L1 expression testing by immunohistochemistry (IHC) also seems to be viable in this type of sample. HER2 FISH and IHC provide actionable results in the context of breast malignancies. Results in serous effusions seem to be equivalent to tissue biopsies for most applications and across different molecular techniques. The most interesting technology is next-generation sequencing (NGS), given its ability to sequence multiple genes on a single sample and the decreasing costs that have closely followed increasing throughputs. Cell-free DNA from effusion supernatants might be the most promising area for future research, showing superiority to serum and even to cell-block samples in limited studies. CONCLUSIONS Molecular tests are viable in serous effusion specimens when sufficient material is available. Given the rising importance of molecular testing we expect this to be an active field of research in the near future. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Renal scarring after pyelonephritis is linked to long-term health risks for hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Androgen exposure increases susceptibility to, and severity of, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) pyelonephritis and resultant scarring in both male and female mice, while anti-androgen therapy is protective against severe urinary tract infection (UTI) in these models. Iodoacetamide mouse This work employed androgenized female C57BL/6 mice to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of post-infectious renal fibrosis and to determine how these pathways are altered by the presence of androgens. We found that elevated circulating testosterone levels primed the kidney for fibrosis by increasing local production of TGFβ1 before the initiation of UTI, altering the ratio of transcription factors Smad2 and Smad3 and increasing the presence of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells and Gli1 + activated myofibroblasts, the cells primarily responsible for deposition of scar components. Increased production of TGFβ1 and aberrations in Smad2Smad3 were maintained throughout the course of infection in the presence of androgen, correlating with renal scarring that was not observed in non-androgenized female mice.