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07, p < 0.01). MTK was larger in females than in males (29.1° vs. 27.6°, p < 0.01). Age (ß-coefficient = 0.26) and CC (ß-coefficient = 0.14), but not sex, independently influenced MTK in the regression analysis.

MTK increases with advancing age during adulthood in both genders; CC, but not sex, was an independent predictor of MTK.

MTK increases with advancing age during adulthood in both genders; CC, but not sex, was an independent predictor of MTK.

To evaluate the clinical results of arthroscopic repair and open Ahlgren-Larsson method in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability.

We retrospectively evaluated 60 patients who were operated in our clinic between 2010 and 2018 with the diagnosis of chronic lateral ankle instability. Preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluations were performed with AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score, FAOS, and VAS scores.

Sixty patients with chronic lateral ankle instability were evaluated. 28 patients were treated with Ahlgren-Larsson method, and 32 patients were treated with arthroscopic repair. Selleckchem Panobinostat Follow-up duration was 35 ± 12months for the open surgery group and 19 ± 2months for the arthroscopic surgery group. The mean age of the arthroscopy group was 44 ± 9; the mean age of the open surgery group was 46 ± 11. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of demographic features (age, sex, BMI). Postoperative clinical improvement was observed in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of functionality. However, there was a statistically significant difference in VAS in terms of pain and patient satisfaction in favor of arthroscopy group.

Ahlgren-Larsson method and arthroscopic repair technique are safe and effective for chronic lateral ankle instability. Arthroscopic technique may be preferred for pain and patient satisfaction as it is less invasive and less morbid.

II.

II.

Bevacizumab (BEV) is a blocker of circulating VEGF A generation. However, BEV has adverse apoptotic and cytotoxic effects via upregulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and TRPM2 activation, and downregulation of cytosolic glutathione (GSH) in neuronal cells. We investigated the possible protective effects of GSH treatment on BEV-induced oxidant and apoptotic adverse actions in the TRPM2 expressing adult retinal pigment epithelial-19 (ARPE-19) and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells.

The ARPE-19 and SH-SY5Y cells were divided into five main groups Control, GSH (10 mM for 2 h), BEV (0.25 mg/ml for 24 h), BEV+GSH, and BEV+TRPM2 channel blockers (ACA or 2-APB). In the SH-SY5Y cells, the Ca

analyses (Fluo-3) were performed only, although Fluo-3 and the remaining analyses were performed in the ARPE-19 cells.

The levels of apoptosis, cell death, mitochondrial ROS, lipid peroxidation, caspase-3, caspase-9, ADP-ribose-induced TRPM2 current density, cytosolic-free Zn

, and Ca

were increased by BEV, although their levels were diminished by the treatments of GSH and TRPM2 blockers. The BEV-induced decreases of cell viability, GSHlevels, and glutathione peroxidaseactivities were increased by the treatment ofGSH. BEV-induced increase of TRPM2 expression was decreased by the treatment ofGSH, although BEV-induced decrease of VEGF A expression was further decreased by the treatment of GSH.

Our data confirmed that BEV-induced mitochondrial ROS and apoptosis in the human retinal epithelial cells were modulated by GSH and TRPM2 inhibition. The treatment of GSH may be considered as a therapeutic approach to BEV-induced ARPE-19 cell injury.

Our data confirmed that BEV-induced mitochondrial ROS and apoptosis in the human retinal epithelial cells were modulated by GSH and TRPM2 inhibition. The treatment of GSH may be considered as a therapeutic approach to BEV-induced ARPE-19 cell injury.

To investigate the gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the conjunctiva of pediatric patients with epiblepharon in a case-control study.

Twenty healthy controls and 15 pediatric patients with epiblepharon were enrolled from April 23, 2020 to June 15, 2020. Epiblepharon severity was divided into class I-III (least to moderate severity) and class IV (most severe). We obtained impression cytologic specimens from the medial palpebral conjunctiva of the participants to measure the gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

The mean age in the epiblepharon group was 9years (range 7.5-11years), and that in the healthy control group was 9.5years (range 8-11.3years). IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP9 expression levels were 2.08 (p < 0.05), 2.11 (p < 0.05), and 2.48 (p < 0.05) fold higher, respectively, in the epiblepharon group than in the healthy control group. However, MUC5AC gene expression was not different between healthy subjects and patients with epiblepharon. IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP9 expression levels in class IV patients were 1.32 (p < 0.05), 1.77 (p < 0.05), and 1.98 (p < 0.05) fold higher, respectively, than in class I-III patients.

Epiblepharon may induce chronic inflammatory changes in the conjunctiva in addition to corneal epithelial damage. Therefore, early corrective surgery should be considered to prevent conjunctival inflammation.

Epiblepharon may induce chronic inflammatory changes in the conjunctiva in addition to corneal epithelial damage. Therefore, early corrective surgery should be considered to prevent conjunctival inflammation.

To investigate the learning curve of vitreoretinal (VR) surgeons beginning training in retinal detachment (RD) surgery.

The files of all consecutive patients undergoing VR surgery for uncomplicated RD between Jan 2005 und Mar 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Successful outcome was defined as no retinal redetachment within 3 months after surgery.

Ten surgeons started their VR career during this period. Together, these 10 surgeons performed 3786 RD operations (mean 379; median 251; range 71-1053). Primary success rate after one operation was 90% (3420 of 3786). When starting to operate retinal detachments, VR surgeons had a primary success rate of about 80%. Redetachment rates steadily decreased and stabilized at just under 10% after about 200 operations. Beginners needed more than twice the time for the procedure compared to experienced surgeons. The individual learning curves varied widely. In our series, female surgeons seem to have a faster learning curve.

RD surgery performed by VR surgeons in training had acceptable results.