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Pheromone ratio recognition may thus be altered by background odorants. selleck chemicals Therefore, the olfactory environment might be a selective force for the evolution of pheromone communication systems.Species of Cosmocerca Diesing, 1861 (Ascaridomorpha Cosmocercoidea), are common nematode parasites of amphibians. In the present study, a new species of Cosmocerca, namely C. simile n. sp., was described using light and scanning electron microscopy, and sequencing different nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers (i.e. small ribosomal DNA (18S), large ribosomal DNA (28S), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1)). Cosmocerca simile n. sp. differs from its congeners based on body size, morphology and number of plectanes, relative length of spicules and gubernaculum and spicules to total body length and morphology and length of tail. Molecular analysis showed no nucleotide polymorphisms among different individuals of the new species regarding nuclear DNA. Very low intraspecific nucleotide variation (0.52-0.78%) was detected in cox1 mtDNA. In contrast, the level of interspecific nucleotide variation between C. simile n. sp. and its congeners were distinctly higher (2.74-18.1% in the partial ITS region and 10.2-13.5% in the partial cox1 region, respectively) than that of intraspecific variation. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood (ML) inference based on the partial ITS and cox1 sequence data both supported the new species to be a member of the genus Cosmocerca, and formed a sister relationship to C. japonica. The newly obtained genetic data are important for further studies of DNA-based taxonomy, population genetics and phylogenetics of the Cosmocercoidea.Mechanisms of how electromagnetic (EM) field acts on biological systems are governed by the same physics regardless of the origin of the EM field (technological, atmospheric…), given that EM parameters are the same. We draw from a large body of literature of bioeffects of a man-made electromagnetic field. In this paper, we performed a focused review on selected possible mechanisms of how atmospheric electromagnetic phenomena can act at the molecular and cellular level. We first briefly review the range of frequencies and field strengths for both electric and magnetic fields in the atmosphere. Then, we focused on a concise description of the current knowledge on weak electric and magnetic field bioeffects with possible molecular mechanisms at the basis of possible EM field bioeffects combined with modeling strategies to estimate reliable outcomes and speculate about the biological effects linked to lightning or pyroelectricity. Indeed, we bring pyroelectricity as a natural source of voltage gradients previously unexplored. While very different from lightning, it can result in similar bioeffects based on similar mechanisms, which can lead to close speculations on the importance of these atmospheric electric fields in the evolution.A method for preconcentration and simultaneous determination of trace heavy metals in water media by core-shell superparamagnetic nanoparticles with the immobilized derivative of ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (referred to as MNPs/SiO2-EDTA) is proposed. The specific layer-by-layer covering of magnetite endowed the new material with essentially increased chemical stability of MNPs including acidic media and improved the affinity toward traces of toxic metal ions. The initial and modified materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopies, elemental analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The obtained particles were nanodimensional with a 7-12-nm magnetic core and a 4-6-nm silica shell. The MNPs/SiO2-EDTA quantitatively removes heavy metals from contaminated media at pH ≥ 3.5 within 15 min. The adsorption data were successfully fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The preconcentration factor was 150 and maximum adsorption capacity was 36.9 mg g-1 for Cu(II), 108.8 mg g-1 for Pb(II), 30.9 mg g-1 for Zn(II), 34.32 mg g-1 for Cr(III), and 59.5 mg g-1 for Cd(II). Due to high stability in the wide range of pH, the magnetic adsorbent can be regenerated at least six times using 0.1 M HNO3. Following adsorption/desorption, determination of metal ions is provided by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) . The linear range of the proposed method is 0.1 – 200 μg L-1. The limits of detection (LOD) are 0.12 μg L-1 for Zn(II); 0.06 μg L-1 for Cd(II); 0.39 for Cu(II); 0.15 μg L-1 for Cr(III); and 0.76 μg L-1 for Pb(II). The method performance was evaluated in the analysis of environmental, tap, and wastewater samples with recoveries in the range of 94.0-104.0%.Dendrimer-based targeted drug delivery, as an innovative polymeric drug-delivery system, is promising for cancer therapy. Folate receptors (FR) are overexpressed in many types of tumor cells, such as breast cell carcinomas, which allow folate-targeted delivery. Therefor polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified-PAMAM G4 dendrimers were functionalized with folic acid (FA), as targeting agent. Then, 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) and 99mTc (technetium-99 m) as therapeutic agents were respectively loaded and conjugated to previous nano-complex (PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU-99mTc). The value of drug loading was calculated by TGA analysis (16.97%). Drug release profiles of PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU-99mTc and PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU were evaluated. The radiochemical purity of PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU-99mTc and PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-99mTc was obtained at >95% with excellent in-vitro and in-vivo stabilities. PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU-99mTc was synthesized and the stability studies were carried out by the ITLC methods in serum (86.67% and 83.75%) and PBS. Combinational therapy effects of 5-FU and 99mTc containing nano-complexes were evaluated on 4 T1 (mouse breast cancer) and MDA-MB-231 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cancer cell lines. Excellent uptake values were obtained for FA-decorated nano-complexes on 4 T1 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Subsequently, tumor inhibition effects of PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU-99mTc and PEG-PAMAM G4-FA-5FU were evaluated using the breast tumor-bearing BALB/C mice. Graphical abstract Breast Tumor Targeting with PAMAM-PEG-5FU- 99mTc As a New Therapeutic Nanocomplex in In-vitro and In-vivo Studies was presented. This targeted drug delivery system can significantly increase the efficiency of cancer therapy, and reduce the treatment cost and time.