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Objectives were to evaluate the effects of altering timing of initiating and duration of supplementing rumen-protected choline (RPC) on lactation performance in dairy cows. The hypothesis was that RPC increases yields of milk and milk components, regardless of when supplementation is initiated, and that the effects of supplementing RPC starting prepartum and continuing post-transition would be additive. Cows at 241 ± 2.2 d of gestation were blocked by parity group (49 entering lactation 2, 50 entering lactation >2) and 305-d milk yield and, within block, assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 levels of choline in transition, from 21 d pre- to 21 d postpartum, and 2 levels of choline in post-transition, from 22 to 105 d postpartum. The 2 levels of RPC supplemented were either 0 g/d or 12.9 g/d of choline ion fed as 60 g/d of an RPC product that was top-dressed onto the total mixed ration. Thus, treatments were as follows NN (n = 25) no choline in transition or post-transitis in BW and BCS during the first 21 d postpartum did not differ between treatments. Cows fed RPC during transition had more negative net energy balance and 0.1 unit smaller BCS in the first 105 d postpartum than non-supplemented cows. Supplementing RPC in post-transition did not influence productive performance in dairy cows, and choline supplementation during transition or post-transition did not affect measures of reproduction. Collectively, supplementing RPC to supply 12.9 g/d of choline ion benefited productive performance in dairy cows when supplementation occurred during the transition period, but no additional benefit was observed from supplementing RPC past 22 d postpartum. Morbidity and mortality as a result of liver disease are major problems around the world, especially from alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which is characterized by hepatic inflammation and intestinal microbial imbalance. In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of camel milk (CM) in a mouse model of acute ALD and the underlying mechanism at the gut microbiota and transcriptome level. Male Institute of Cancer Research mice (n = 24; Beijing Weitong Lihua Experimental Animal Technology Co. Ltd., China) were divided into 3 groups normal diet (NC); normal diet, then ethanol (ET); and normal diet and camel milk (CM), then ethanol (ET+CM). Analysis of serum biochemical indexes and histology revealed a reduction in hepatic inflammation in the ET+CM group. Sequencing of 16S rRNA showed that CM modulated the microbial communities, with an increased proportion of Lactobacillus and reduced Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group. Comparative hepatic transcriptome analysis revealed 315 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the ET+CM and ET groups (150 upregulated and 165 downregulated). Enrichment analysis revealed that CM downregulated the expression of inflammation-related (ILB and CXCL1) genes in the IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) pathways. We conclude that CM modulates liver inflammation and alleviates the intestinal microbial disorder caused by acute alcohol injury, indicating the potential of dietary CM in protection against alcohol-induced liver injury. We investigated changes in rumen fermentation, the fluid bacterial community, and predicted functional pathway profiles in Holstein cows with and those without subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) during the periparturient period. Eighteen multiparous Holstein cows categorized in the SARA (n = 9) or non-SARA (n = 9) groups depending on whether they developed SARA during the 2 wk after parturition. Reticulo-ruminal pH was measured continuously throughout the study. Rumen fluid and blood samples were collected 3 wk before and 2 and 6 wk after parturition, with an additional blood sample collected during the 0 and 4 wk after parturition. The 7-d mean reticulo-ruminal pH was significantly decreased in both groups postpartum compared with prepartum, with a greater and longer lasting change in the SARA group. The postpartum total volatile fatty acid concentration was significantly higher in the non-SARA than in SARA cows. Rumen bacterial richness and diversity were not affected by the periparturient period, but the nonl pathway were primarily identified during the postpartum period, with 2 pathways upregulated at 3 wk prepartum and 24 upregulated and 34 downregulated at 6 wk postpartum in the SARA group. Our results suggest that SARA incidence is not strictly related to changes in rumen fermentation or fluid bacterial community structure, but the predicted functional pathways of bacterial communities showed late responses to a postpartum decrease in reticulo-ruminal pH. Therefore, postpartum predicted functional pathway analysis may indicate the underlying mechanisms causing SARA in Holstein cows during the periparturient period. This study evaluated how feeding colostrum- or a colostrum-milk mixture for 3 d postnatal affects plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and small intestinal histomorphology in calves. Holstein bulls (n = 24) were fed colostrum at 2 h postnatal and randomly assigned to receive either colostrum (COL), whole milk (WM), or a 11 COLWM mixture (MIX) every 12 h from 12 to 72 h. A jugular venous catheter was placed at 1 h postnatal to sample blood frequently for the duration of the experiment. Samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, and 12 h. Following the 12-h meal, blood was collected at half-hour intervals until 16 h and then at 1-h intervals from 16 to 24 h. A 27-h sample was taken, then blood was sampled every 6 h from 30 to 60 h. Again, blood was taken at half-intervals from 60 to 64 h, then at 65 and 66 h, following which, a 2-h sampling interval was used until 72 h. Plasma GLP-2 (all time points) and serum IGF-1 (at time points 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 7 was 54% less than MIX in the distal jejunum. Overall, extended COL feeding minimally increased plasma GLP-2 and serum IGF-1 compared with WM feeding. buy U0126 As COL and MIX similarly promoted small intestinal maturation, feeding calves transition milk to promote intestinal development could be a strategy for producers. The Authors. Published by FASS Inc. and Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).