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Therefore, this novel therapeutic system is a promising option for the treatment of Degenerative disc disease (DDD).We investigate the effects of varying temperature and chemical potential on the optical absorption spectrum of (001) surface states of topological crystalline insulator SnTe using a four-band effective k ⋅ p Hamiltonian. The spectrum is characterized by a narrow peak at 52 meV and a shoulder feature at 160 meV. Both absorptions have maximal intensity at 0 K or when chemical potential is located at the charge neutrality point. Then, as temperature increases or as chemical potential diverges, they both decrease in intensity. The 52 meV peak originates from transitions between high density of states regions surrounding van Hove singularities and is the spectrum’s most prominent feature. Additionally, a third absorption from 110 meV to 150 meV, initially absent at 0 K or chemical potential at charge neutrality point, gradually builds in intensity as temperature increases or as chemical potential diverges. This absorption arises from transitions between low and high energy bands of opposite helicity. Importantly, we find that all distinct spectral features are diminished if the magnitude of chemical potential diverges to values above the van Hove singularity energies. If a given sample’s chemical potential is well-controlled, conventional infrared spectroscopy may be used to identify the spectral signatures of SnTe (001) surface states at room temperatures and without use of large magnetic fields.The binary Voronoi mixture is a fluid model whose interactions are derived from the Voronoi-Laguerre tessellation of the configurations of the system. The resulting interactions are local and many-body. Here we perform molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of an equimolar mixture that is weakly polydisperse and additive. For the first time we study the structural relaxation of this mixture in the supercooled-liquid regime. From the simulations we determine the time- and temperature-dependent coherent and incoherent scattering functions for a large range of wave vectors, as well as the mean-square displacements of both particle species. We perform a detailed analysis of the dynamics by comparing the MD results with the first-principles-based idealized mode-coupling theory (MCT). To this end, we employ two approaches fits to the asymptotic predictions of the theory, and fit-parameter-free binary MCT calculations based on static-structure-factor input from the simulations. We find that many-body interactions of the Voronoi mixture do not lead to strong qualitative differences relative to similar analyses carried out for simple liquids with pair-wise interactions. For instance, the fits give an exponent parameter λ ≈ 0.746 comparable to typical values found for simple liquids, the wavevector dependence of the Kohlrausch relaxation time is in good qualitative agreement with literature results for polydisperse hard spheres, and the MCT calculations based on static input overestimate the critical temperature, albeit only by a factor of about 1.2. This overestimation appears to be weak relative to other well-studied supercooled-liquid models such as the binary Kob-Andersen Lennard-Jones mixture. Overall, the agreement between MCT and simulation suggests that it is possible to predict several microscopic dynamic properties with qualitative, and in some cases near-quantitative, accuracy based solely on static two-point structural correlations, even though the system itself is inherently governed by many-body interactions.This article reports on the research by a working group, comprising members from the Association of University Radiation Protection Officers, on the radiation safety culture in the UK higher education, research and teaching sectors. The impetus for this research arises from the work of the International Radiation Protection Association and their emphasis that embedding radiation safety culture within an organisation is the most effective way of delivering the standards of radiation safety and security that society expects. The deficiency in radiation safety culture has been a large contributor to major nuclear disasters, such as Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi. The working group designed an on-line survey aimed at higher education students, higher education academics, and researchers. The survey did not try to obtain an indication of safety performance, but of people’s views on behaviours and attitudes of radiation safety that reflect the current radiation safety culture in their organisation. The findings of the survey are reported in this article along with a discussion of the analysis and recommendations for improving radiation safety culture. The responses from the survey strongly indicate that the radiation safety culture in UK higher education, research and teaching sectors has worrying shortfalls, particularly in communication and training.Reconstructing a system Hamiltonian through measurements on its eigenstates is an important inverse problem in quantum physics. Recently, it was shown that generic many-body local Hamiltonians can be recovered by local measurements without knowing the values of the correlation functions. In this work, we discuss this problem in more depth for different systems and apply supervised learning method via neural networks to solve it. this website For low-lying eigenstates, the inverse problem is well-posed, neural networks turn out to be efficient and scalable even with a shallow network and a small data set. For middle-lying eigenstates, the problem is ill-posed, we present a modified method based on transfer learning accordingly. Neural networks can also efficiently generate appropriate initial points for numerical optimization based on the BFGS method.By structural and analytical TEM and scanning electron microscopy experiments we show that atomically-resolved structural characterization of oxidation-sensitive two-dimensional material is strongly hindered when the final step of the preparation process, the transfer to the TEM grid, is performed with a wet etching method involving bases or acids, interacting with the highly reactive sample surface. Here we present an alternative polymer-assisted and mechanical-exfoliation-based sample preparation method and demonstrate it on selected oxidation-sensitive transition metal phosphorus trisulfides and transition metal dichalcogenides. The analysis, obtained from the samples prepared with both of the methods clearly show that oxidation is the origin of discrepancy, the oxidation during the final preparation step is strongly reduced only when the new method is applied, and atomically-resolved structural characterization of the pristine structures is now possible.