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A single removal washing could be up to 52.39% of Cd, 71.79% of Pb, and 34.13% of Zn from mine soil, and 98.28% of Cd, 91.10% of Pb, and 90.91% of Zn from polluted farmland soil. After washing, the intensity of heavy metal binding to soil colloids increased while the metal mobility reduced because of weakly bound fractions removed by BCs. The BCs-induced soil washing revealed that the possible mechanisms of metal removal included the acid dissolution, ion exchange, and surface complexation. Our findings highlight the potential application of especially ISA and GLDA as efficient washing agents to remove potentially toxic elements from contaminated soils. Many nations are faced with the need to remediate large contaminated sites following World War II, the Cold War, and abandoned industrial sites, and to return them to productive land uses. In the United States, the Department of Energy (DOE) has the largest cleanup challenge, and its Hanford Site in the state of Washington has the most extensive and most expensive cleanup task. Ideally, the risk to ecological resources on remediation sites is evaluated before, during, and after remediation, and the risk from, or damage to, ecological resources from contaminants should be lower following remediation. In this paper, we report the risk to ecological resources before, during, and as a consequence of remediation on contaminated units requiring cleanup, and then examine the causes for changes in risk by evaluating 56 cleanup evaluation units (EUs) at the Hanford Site. In this case, remediation includes a restoration phase. In general, the risk to ecological and eco-cultural resources is currently not discernible oration, including evaluation of success, which could be applied across the DOE complex. INTRODUCTION It is unknown whether urban green space is associated with reduced risk of major neurological conditions, especially dementia and stroke. METHODS Retrospective, population-based cohorts were created for each study outcome, including 1.7 and 4.3 million adults in Ontario, Canada for dementia and stroke, respectively. Residential green space was quantified using the satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Incidence was ascertained using health administrative data with validated algorithms. Mixed-effects Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios per interquartile range increase in green space exposure. RESULTS Between 2001 and 2013, 219,013 individuals were diagnosed with dementia and 89,958 had a stroke. selleckchem The hazard ratio per interquartile range increase in green space was 0.97 (95% CI 0.96-0.98) for dementia and 0.96 (0.95-0.98) for stroke. Estimates remained generally consistent in sensitivity analyses. DISCUSSION Increased exposure to urban green space was associated with reduced incidence of dementia and stroke. To our knowledge, this is the first population-based cohort study to assess these relationships. Simultaneous exposure to a mixture of chemicals over a lifetime may increase an individual’s risk of disease to a greater extent than individual exposures. Researchers have used weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to estimate the effect of multiple exposures in a manner that identifies the important (etiologically relevant) components in the mixture. However, complications arise when an experimental apparatus detects concentrations for each chemical with a different detection limit. Current strategies to account for values below the detection limit (BDL) in WQS include single imputation or placing the BDL values into the first quantile of the weighted index (BDLQ1), which do not fully capture the uncertainty in the data when estimating mixture effects. In response, we integrated WQS regression into the multiple imputation framework (MI-WQS). In a simulation study, we compared the BDLQ1 approach to MI-WQS when using either a Bayesian imputation or bootstrapping imputation approach over a range of BDL values. We examined the ability of each method to estimate the mixture’s overall effect and to identify important chemicals. The results showed that as the number of BDL values increased, the accuracy, precision, model fit, and power declined for all imputation approaches. When chemical values were missing at 10%, 33%, or 50%, the MI approaches generally performed better than single imputation and BDLQ1. In the extreme case of 80% of all the chemical values were missing, the BDLQ1 approach was superior in some examined metrics. For the past decades, forensic chemists have made considerable efforts to develop methods capable of dating ballpoint pen ink by monitoring the loss of volatile solvents over time; however, few studies have been reported on carbon-based black gel inks. In China, carbon-based black gel pens are typically used for formal writing and signatures, such as contracts, loan receipts, testaments, and paper tests. Thus, it is imperative to analyze the age of carbon-based black gel inks for questioned document examiners in forensic casework. In this study, by employing the combination of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC with a flame ionization detector, a useful method for ink dating was proposed according to the dissipation of triethylene glycol from three novel carbon-based black gel inks. The ink aging curves suggested that this approach can distinguish questioned ink samples that are less than or greater than 9 months. This result could help to identify some questioned documents actually written within a month but are passed off as documents written years ago. Induced-charge electrokinetics (ICEK) remains a hot topic due to its promising applications in micro- and nano-fluidics. Over the past decade, researchers have made a great advancement in both fundamental studies and application developments. They captured (I) a flow reversal in induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO) and attributed it to the phase delay effect of ions, (II) a chaotic ICEO and attributed it to the concentration polarization in the bulk solution, (III) a non-quadratic correlation for ICEO of non-Newtonian fluids and attributed it to the power-law viscosity, (IV) an induced-charge electrophoretic (ICEP) rotation of Janus doublets, etc. Furthermore, various ICEK-based micro- and nano-fluidic devices have been developed, namely, micropumps, particle focusers, trappers, sorters, and nanopore ion diodes. The present article provides a comprehensive review on the recent advancement of ICEK. Firstly, the fundamental studies of ICEK are introduced; then the micro- and nano-fluidic applications based on ICEK are presented; lastly, promising future directions for both fundamental and applications are discussed.