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If N input remains constant as noted in 2020 (S3) or decreases by 1% annually (S4), a reduction of up to 52%-67% in carbonates dissolution is expected compared to the BAU. The presence of CaCO3 in the soil is important for various processes including acidity buffering, aggregates formation and stabilization, organic matter stabilization, microbial and enzyme activities, nutrients cycling and availability, and water permeability and plants productivity. Therefore, optimizing N fertilization and improving N use efficiency are important for decreasing SIC losses from acidification. N application should be strictly calculated based on crop demand, and any overfertilization should be avoided to prevent environmental problems and soil fertility decline associated with CaCO3 losses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND & AIMS Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised world concern for global epidemic since December, 2019. Limited data are available for liver function in COVID-19 patients. We aimed to investigate the risk factors related to liver injury in the COVID-19 patients. METHODS A retrospective study was performed in non-ICU Ward at Jinyintan Hospital from February 2, 2020 to February 23, 2020. Consecutively confirmed COVID-19 discharged cases were enrolled. The clinical characteristics of patients with liver injury and without liver injury were compared. RESULTS A total of 79 COVID-19 patients were included. 31.6%, 35.4% and 5.1% COVID-19 patients had elevated levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin respectively. Median value of ALT, AST and bilirubin for entire cohort was 36.5 (17.5 ~ 71.5) U/L, 34.5 (25.3 ~ 55.3) U/L and 12.7 (8.1 ~ 15.4) mmol/L respectively. There were no significant differences in age, previous medical history and symptoms between the two groups. Males were more likely to have liver injury when infected with COVID-19 (P  less then  .05); compared with patients without liver injury, patients with liver injury had increased levels of white blood cell counts, neutrophils, CRP and CT score (P  less then  .05) and had a longer length of stay (P  less then  .05). ONO-AE3-208 clinical trial Logistic regression analyses suggested that the extent of pulmonary lesions on CT was a predictor of liver function damage (P  less then  .05). CONCLUSIONS Liver injury is common in non-ICU hospitalized COVID-19 patients. It may be related to systemic inflammation. Intense monitoring and evaluation of liver function in patients with severe pulmonary imaging lesions should be considered. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.As the gene pool is exposed to both strain on land resources and a lack of diversity in elite allotetraploid cotton, the acquisition and identification of novel alleles has taken on epic importance in facilitating cotton genetic improvement and functional genomics research. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is an excellent mutagen induces genome-wide efficient mutations to activate the mutagenic potential of plants with many advantages. The present study established, determined and verified the experimental procedure suitable for EMS based mutant library construction as the general reference guide in allotetraploid upland cotton. This optimized method and procedure are efficient, and abundant EMS mutant library (~12, 000) in allotetraploid cotton were successfully obtained. More than 20 mutant phenotypes were observed and screened, including phenotypes of the leaf, flower, fruit, fiber, and plant architecture. Through the plants mutant library, high throughput and high resolution melting (HRM) technology based variation evaluation detected the EMS induced site mutation. Additionally, based on overall genome-wide mutation analyses by re-sequencing and mutant library assessment, the examination results demonstrated the ideal quality of the cotton EMS-treated mutant library constructed in this study with appropriate high mutation density and saturated genome. What’s more, the collection is composed of a broad repertoire of mutants which is the valuable resource for basic genetic research and functional genomics underlying complex allotetraploid traits, as well as cotton breeding. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The antifungal echinocandin lipopeptide, acrophiarin, was circumscribed in a patent in 1979. We confirmed that the producing strain NRRL 8095 is Penicillium arenicola and other strains of P. arenicola produced acrophiarin and acrophiarin analogues. Genome sequencing of NRRL 8095 identified the acrophiarin gene cluster. Penicillium arenicola and echinocandin-producing Aspergillus species belong to the family Aspergillaceae of the Eurotiomycetes, but several features of acrophiarin and its gene cluster suggest a closer relationship with echinocandins from Leotiomycete fungi. These features include hydroxy-glutamine in the peptide core instead of a serine or threonine residue, the inclusion of a non-heme iron, α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenase for hydroxylation of the C3 of the glutamine, and a thioesterase. In addition, P. arenicola bears similarity to Leotiomycete echinocandin-producing species because it exhibits self-resistance to exogenous echinocandins. Phylogenetic analysis of the genes of the echinocandin biosynthetic family indicated that most of the predicted proteins of acrophiarin gene cluster exhibited higher similarity to the predicted proteins of the pneumocandin gene cluster of the Leotiomycete Glarea lozoyensis than to those of the echinocandin B gene cluster from A. pachycristatus. The fellutamide gene cluster and related gene clusters are recognized as relatives of the echinocandins. Inclusion of the acrophiarin gene cluster into a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of echinocandin gene clusters indicated the divergent evolutionary lineages of echinocandin gene clusters are descendants from a common ancestral progenitor. The minimal 10-gene cluster may have undergone multiple gene acquisitions or losses and possibly horizontal gene transfer after the ancestral separation of the two lineages. © 2020 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.