Activity

The digestion of starch-based foods in the small intestine as well as factors affecting their digestibility have been previously investigated and reviewed in detail. Starch digestibility has been studied both in vivo and in vitro, with increasing interest in the use of in vitro models. Although previous in vivo studies have indicated the effect of mastication and gastric digestion on the digestibility of solid starch-based foods, the physical breakdown of starch-based foods prior to small intestinal digestion is often less considered. Moreover, gastric digestion has received little attention in the attempt to understand the digestion of solid starch-based foods in the digestive tract. In this review, the physical breakdown of starch-based foods in the mouth and stomach, the quantification of these breakdown processes, and their links to physiological outcomes, such as gastric emptying and glycemic response, are discussed. In addition, the physical breakdown aspects related to gastric digestion that need to be considered when developing in vitro-in vivo correlation in starch digestion studies are discussed. The discussion demonstrates that physical breakdown prior to small intestinal digestion, especially during gastric digestion, should not be neglected in understanding the digestion of solid starch-based foods.

Blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise results in transient muscle growth that may be due to metabolite accumulation, hyperaemia and muscle damage, possibly serving as a stimulus for hypertrophy. Understanding the duration of this growth is important for exercise recovery and measurement of hypertrophy.

To measure changes in muscle size via ultrasound throughout a 48-h period after a session of BFR knee extension (KE) exercise.

Muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis (VL) was measured via ultrasound in 12 participants (six males and six females, age 20.3±1.1years) before and immediately, 10min, 30min, 1, 3, 8, 24, and 48h after unilateral exercise. One leg served as a non-exercise control while the other leg performed four sets of unilateral BFR KE at 30% of one-repetition maximum with a pressurized cuff applied to the proximal thigh and inflated to 50% arterial occlusion pressure.

Vastus lateralis thickness was 34.9±7.2% higher immediately after exercise, 28.6±7.9% at 10min, 25.2±6.1% at 30min, 14.9±4.8% at 1h and 11.8±5.6% at 3h (p<0.05). There were no changes compared to pre-exercise measurements past 3h, and the control limb did not change (p>0.05). The muscle thickness of the exercise leg was significantly greater than that of the control leg from immediately after exercise up to 1h post-exercise (p<0.05).

Muscle thickness of the VL increases for 3h post-BFR exercise and returns to normal within 8h. This timeframe should be considered when prescribing exercise and planning muscle hypertrophy assessments.

Muscle thickness of the VL increases for 3 h post-BFR exercise and returns to normal within 8 h. This timeframe should be considered when prescribing exercise and planning muscle hypertrophy assessments.Here we review and extend the equal fitness paradigm (EFP) as an important step in developing and testing a synthetic theory of ecology and evolution based on energy and metabolism. The EFP states that all organisms are equally fit at steady state, because they allocate the same quantity of energy, ~ 22.4 kJ/g/generation to the production of offspring. Selleck Seladelpar On the one hand, the EFP may seem tautological, because equal fitness is necessary for the origin and persistence of biodiversity. On the other hand, the EFP reflects universal laws of life how biological metabolism – the uptake, transformation and allocation of energy – links ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes across levels of organisation from (1) structure and function of individual organisms, (2) life history and dynamics of populations, and (3) interactions and coevolution of species in ecosystems. The physics and biology of metabolism have facilitated the evolution of millions of species with idiosyncratic anatomy, physiology, behaviour and ecology but also with many shared traits and tradeoffs that reflect the single origin and universal rules of life.Various dietary sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) have been isolated from seafoods, including edible seaweeds and marine animals, and their health effects such as antiobesity and anti-inflammatory activities have attracted remarkable interest. Sulfate groups have been shown to play important roles in the bioactivities of these polysaccharides. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that the biological effects of dietary SPs are associated with the modulation of the gut microbiota. Dietary SPs could regulate the gut microbiota structure and, accordingly, affect the production of bioactive microbial metabolites. Because of their differential chemical structures, dietary SPs may specifically affect the growth of certain gut microbiota and associated metabolite production, which may contribute to variable health effects. This review summarizes the latest findings on the types and structural characteristics of SPs, the effects of different processing techniques on the structural characteristics and health effects of SPs, and the current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in the health effects of SPs. These findings might help in better understanding the mechanism of the health effects of SPs and provide a scientific basis for their application as functional food.Root fractures vary in severity, extent, and location, according to the physical and mechanical aspects of the accident. Root fractures are rare in primary teeth and they affect dentin, cementum, periodontal ligament and the pulp. This paper reports a case of a two-and-a-half-year-old baby who had a root fracture of the upper right primary central incisor (tooth 51) as a consequence of trauma that was managed with minimally invasive intervention. After clinical and radiographic examinations, the presence of tooth mobility, pain, bleeding and a horizontal apical root fracture was diagnosed on tooth 51. The treatment of choice was splinting for 120 days, which can deliver excellent results regardless of the patient’s age. The tooth was preserved without needing endodontic intervention until its physiologic exfoliation and normal eruption of its permanent successor. As sequelae to the fractured tooth 51, there was some coronal color alteration and dystrophic calcification of the root canal. This tooth did not develop ankylosis or mobility during the follow-up period.