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6 and ≤24.9 %, respectively, which are below the species demarcation thresholds. Based on the results of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses, strain G-4-1-14T represents a novel species in the genus Zoogloea, for which the name Zoogloea dura sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G-4-1-14T (=KACC 21618T=NBRC 114358T). In addition, we propose emendation of the genus Zoogloea and the species Zoogloea oryzae and Zoogloea ramigera.Carbapenemases inactivate most β-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems, and have frequently been reported among Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Traditionally, the horizontal gene transfer of carbapenemase-encoding genes (CEGs) has been linked to plasmids. However, given that integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are possibly the most abundant conjugative elements among prokaryotes, we conducted an in silico analysis to ascertain the likely role of ICEs in the spread of CEGs among all bacterial genomes (n=182 663). We detected 17 520 CEGs, of which 66 were located within putative ICEs among several bacterial species (including clinically relevant bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli). Most CEGs detected within ICEs belong to the IMP, NDM and SPM metallo-beta-lactamase families, and the serine beta-lactamase KPC and GES families. Different mechanisms were likely responsible for acquisition of these genes. The majority of CEG-bearing ICEs belong to the MPFG, MPFT and MPFF classes and often encode resistance to other antibiotics (e.g. aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones). This study provides a snapshot of the different CEGs associated with ICEs among available bacterial genomes and sheds light on the underappreciated contribution of ICEs to the spread of carbapenem resistance globally.Four unknown strains belonging to the genus Arthrobacter were isolated from plateau wildlife on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the four isolates were separated into two clusters. this website Cluster I (strains 785T and 208) had the greatest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Arthrobacter citreus (98.6 and 98.7 %, respectively), Arthrobacter luteolus (98.0 and 98.1%, respectively), Arthrobacter gandavensis (97.9 and 98.0 %, respectively) and Arthrobacter koreensis (97.6 and 97.7 %, respectively). Likewise, cluster II (strains J391T and J915) had the highest sequence similarity to Arthrobacter ruber (98.6 and 98.3 %, respectively) and Arthrobacter agilis (98.1 and 97.9  %, respectively). Average nucleotide identity and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values illustrated that the two type strains, 785T and J391T, represented two separate novel species that are distinct from all currently recognized species in the genus Arthrobacter. These strains had DNA G+C contents of 66.0-66.1 mol% (cluster I) and 68.0 mol% (cluster II). The chemotaxonomic properties of strains 785T and J391T were in line with those of the genus Arthrobacter anteiso-C150 (79.3 and 40.8 %, respectively) as the major cellular fatty acid, MK-8(H2) (65.8 %) or MK-9(H2) (75.6 %) as the predominant respiratory quinone, a polar lipid profile comprising diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, glycolipids and phospholipid, and A3α or A4α as the cell wall peptidoglycan type. On the basis of our results, two novel species in the genus Arthrobacter are proposed, namely Arthrobacter yangruifuii sp. nov. (type strain, 785T=CGMCC 1.16725T=GDMCC 1.1592T=JCM 33491T) and Arthrobacter zhaoguopingii sp. nov. (type strain, J391T=CGMCC 1.17382T=GDMCC 1.1667T=JCM 33841T).This study examines the extent to which older males are willing to offer psychosocial and sexual health promoting support to their younger male partners, as well as the individual and relationship-level factors associated with this willingness to provide support. In total, 324 men over the age of 45, who currently or previously had younger male sexual partners, completed an anonymous online survey. Results show that participants were most willing to provide emotional support to their younger male partners, followed by health-related encouragement, HIV/STI testing support, and financial support. Of note, HIV positive status and being in a “main partnership” were associated with greater willingness to provide financial support. These results suggest that older men are willing to provide psychosocial and health promotive support to younger male partners, which could be leveraged in targeted interventions to reduce HIV transmission.In the 2014 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA), the carbonyl compounds formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were identified as key cancer risk drivers and acrolein was identified as one of the three air toxics that drive most of the noncancer risk. In this assessment, averaged across the Continental United States, about 75% of ambient formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and about 18% of acrolein, is formed secondarily. This study was conducted to estimate the potential contribution to these secondarily formed carbonyl compounds from mobile sources. To develop such estimates, we conducted several CMAQ runs, where emissions are set to zero for different mobile source sectors, to determine their potential contribution. Although zeroing out emissions from an individual sector can offer only a rough approximation of how the sector might contribute to overall secondary concentrations, our results suggest that across the U. S., mobile sources contribute about 6-18% to secondary formaldehyde, 0-10% to secondary acetaldehyde, and 0-70% to secondary acrolein, depending on location. Implications Photochemical modeling of carbonyl compounds was conducted with emissions set to zero for various mobile source sectors to determine their contribution to secondary concentrations. Results indicated mobile sources contributed to total and secondary concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein in many locations across the U.S. with acrolein the dominant contributor in some locations. However, biogenic sources dominated secondary formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and fires dominated secondary acrolein.