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The impact of chronic caloric restriction (CR) on health and survival is complex with poorly understood underlying molecular mechanisms. A recent study in mice addressing the diets used in nonhuman primate CR studies found that while diet composition did not impact longevity, fasting time and total calorie intake were determinant for increased survival. Here, integrated analysis of physiological and multi-omics data from ad libitum, meal-fed, or CR animals was used to gain insight into pathways associated with improved health and survival. We identified a potential involvement of the glycine-serine-threonine metabolic axis in longevity and related molecular mechanisms. Direct comparison of the different feeding strategies unveiled a pattern of shared pathways of improved health that included short-chain fatty acids and essential PUFA metabolism. These findings were recapitulated in the serum metabolome from nonhuman primates. We propose that the pathways identified might be targeted for their potential role in healthy aging.There is considerable variation in the surgical management of patients with large facial defects after excision of skin malignancy. The surrounding facial subunits as well as local, regional, and distant soft-tissue flaps can be considered in more complicated facial defects. We place an emphasis on the versatility of adjacent tissue advancement and transposition flaps in the treatment of these defects. We also focus on the secondary reconstructive efforts necessary to achieve the best functional and aesthetic outcomes for patients.Background Intracranial paragangliomas are infrequent and those occurring in the sellar- suprasellar region are rare, with only 31 cases described in literature. Case description We describe two cases of sellar-suprasellar paragangliomas in the light of a literature review. The first patient was a 13-year-old boy who presented with an intensely-enhancing lesion in the sellar-suprasellar region with multiple flow voids within. Resection of the lesion was limited to a biopsy in view of its hypervascular nature. Epinephrine bitartrate A second attempt at resection following partial embolization of the lesion was also unsuccessful. The tumor showed progressive reduction in size following radiotherapy. The second case was a 20-year-old man who presented with a similar tumor in the same location. He also had a probable metastatic deposit in the foramen of Magendie. An attempted surgical resection of the suprasellar lesion was abandoned after a biopsy. The patient improved symptomatically after radiotherapy. Conclusions We report two cases of paraganglioma occurring in a rare location. Presence of flow voids within tumors in the sellar-suprasellar location should alert the surgeon to this entity. The hypervascular nature of these tumors may limit the extent of resection. In cases of inadequate tumor decompression or if there is evidence of growth of residual tumor, radiotherapy can help to stabilize the disease.Prostate cancer (PCa) is a sex-steroid hormone-dependent cancer in which estrogens play a critical role in both initiation and progression. Recently, several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been associated with PCa and are supposedly playing a pivotal role in the biology and progression of this type of cancer. In this review, we focused on some lncRNAs that are known for their androgen and estrogen transcriptional responsiveness in PCa. Specifically, we summarized recent pieces of evidence about lncRNAs NEAT1, H19, MALAT1, and HOTAIR, in estrogen signaling, emphasizing their role in PCa progression and the acquisition of a castration-resistant phenotype. Here, the reader will find information about lncRNAs present in estrogen-dependent transcriptional complexes. The potential role of lncRNA/estrogen signaling as a novel pathway for PCa treatment will be discussed.The Global Pertussis Initiative is an expert scientific forum that publishes consensus recommendations concerning pertussis for many regions of the world. Here, we give recommendations for the primary vaccination of infants in those countries where whole-cell pertussis (wP)- and acellular pertussis (aP)-containing combination vaccines are used in parallel. We performed a selective literature review concerning the influence of mixing wP- and aP-containing vaccines for primary immunization of infants on safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness. We also collected local data from various countries and discussed the results in a face-to-face meeting. Very few data addressing issues of mixing combination vaccines were identified, and no data were available concerning the effectiveness or duration of protection. We also found that pharmacovigilance data are scarce or lacking in those countries where they would be needed most. We then identified frequent problems occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where both vaccine types are used. Relying on local knowledge, we give practical recommendations for a variety of situations in different settings. Specific needs for additional data addressing these issues were also identified. International bodies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as vaccine producers should try to find ways to underpin the problems of mixing wP- and aP-containing combination vaccines with robust data. Countries are urged to improve on their pharmacovigilance for vaccines. For practicing physicians, our recommendations offer guidance when wP- and aP-containing vaccines are used in parallel during primary immunization.Reconstruction of facial cutaneous defects from skin cancer surgery is a commonly done procedure in the hands of many facial plastic surgeons. Excellent surgical technique should always be employed to reduce the risk of a poor result. However, complications do occur and can be devastating for both the patient and surgeon. We review a range of postoperative management options, and the evidence for each modality, so that reconstructive surgeons can stay up to date on current literature.Background Conventional medications for Crohn’s disease (CD) include anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. If an individual does not respond, or loses response to first-line treatments, then biologic therapies such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antagonists such as adalimumab are considered for treating CD. Maintenance of remission of CD is a clinically important goal, as disease relapse can negatively affect quality of life. Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of adalimumab for maintenance of remission in people with quiescent CD. Search methods We searched the Cochrane IBD Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and clinicaltrials.gov from inception to April 2019. Selection criteria We considered for inclusion randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing adalimumab to placebo or to an active comparator. Data collection and analysis We analyzed data on an intention-to-treat basis. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for dichotomous outcomes.